Geographic information systems and multiple goal analysis for spatial land use modelling in Indonesia
Edi Suhaedi
Department of Spatial Sciences
Curtin University of Technology
GPO Box U 1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
Fax (61-8) 92662703
Email: esuhaedi@yahoo.com
Graciela Metternicht
Department of Spatial Sciences
Curtin University of Technology
GPO Box U 1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
Fax (61-8) 92662703
Email: graciela@vesta.curtin.edu.au
Graham Lodwick
Department of Spatial Sciences
Curtin University of Technology
GPO Box U 1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
Fax (61-8) 92662703
Email: g.lodwick@exchange.curtin.edu.au
Abstract
In developing countries, population growth has led to an increasing demand of basic needs such as food,
employment, and cash income. Moreover, in countries like in Indonesia, a large proportion of the
population lives in rural areas, making them subject to rapid economic development (i.e. logging and
agriculture development). As a matter of fact, any rural development has not only positive impacts, but
also negative impacts such as deforestation, soil erosion, and flooding, particularly if natural exploitation
is executed without proper spatial planning. Therefore, this paper discusses an approach for deriving
models of land use allocation in rural areas. The models aim to maximise benefit and minimise the risk
of future exploitation of natural resources. Geographic information systems (GIS), land evaluation (LE),
interactive multiple goal linear programming (IMGLP), and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are used
to develop a framework for spatial planning in rural areas. A loose coupling strategy is used to integrate
GIS, LE, IMGLP and AHP. The approach was used to formulate spatial plan maps of the catchment area
of the Saguling reservoir. The integration of these techniques presents two main advantages where
conflictive goals must be satisfied. Firstly, it provides easier access to spatial data management, design
of land use allocation scenarios, and graphic visualization. Secondly, it enables different parties with the
same interests (scientists, stakeholders, environmentalists, and decision makers) work together for
pursuing sustainable development.
Introduction
Geographic information systems are very powerful tools when applied to earth sciences and land use
studies (Barredo and Sendra 1998). However, most GIS offer very limited capabilities for integrating
decision makers’ preferences into the modelling process (Malczewski, 1999). Although calls for greater
integration of GIS and environmental models have been made, there is reluctance on the part of GIS
software vendors to include such tools in standard software packages (Wise et al., 2001). This paper
describes a framework developed for modelling land use scenarios for spatial planning of rural areas
using interactive multiple goal linear programming (IMGLP) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) within.a GIS environment. The approach was used to produce spatial plans of the Saguling catchment area,
Indonesia, where four development goals were defined: (i) increasing food (rice) production, (ii)
increasing income per capita, (iii) creating more employment, and (iv) reducing current soil erosion rates.
A five-year development plan, following the guidelines of the Indonesian Government, period 1999 to
2004, was established. In order to determine the projection of the four development goals, several
assumptions were made based on the following physical and socio-economic data: (i) population
conditions for the period 1993 to 1998, (ii) food consumption per capita per year based on records for
1999, (iii) income per capita for rural populations (i.e. farmers) for the period 1997 to 2000, and (iv)
maximum soil loss tolerance and current soil erosion for 2000 (Suhaedi, 2002).
IMGLP is a typical programming technique of multi objective decision making (MODM), based on linear
programming (LP) techniques that can support decision making on land use planning issues in situations
where multiple goals are conflicting with each other. When several goals have to be satisfied, a
compromise solution can be found by a trade-off among goals (Huizing and Bronsveld, 1994). Land use
planners can use IMGLP to facilitate stakeholders (i.e. land owners, governments) the process of
quantitative multiple goal analysis based on matrices that integrate land suitability results with conflicting
development goals, and compare the relative importance amongst decision rules using AHP
(Malczewski, 1999), so that the best scenario is selected according to the preferences of decision
makers.
Study Area
The catchment area of the Saguling Reservoir is the so called Bandung basin (Indonesia), with an area
approximately 2,283 square km, geographically located between 6° 4' S to 7° 10' S and 107° 15' E to
107° 45' E (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Study area location
The Saguling reservoir was built in 1985, and is one of four dams in the Upper Citarum watershed, with a
capacity to generate approximately 700 megawatts of energy. Although the economic lifetime of the
reservoir was estimated to be 51 years, the high volume of sedimentation due to forest clearance, soil
erosion and inappropriate land use and management practices has reduced this estimation to around
45.4 years (JICA, 1993).
