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Application of Space Pictures IKONOS for Agricultural Monitoring
Application of polyzonal pictures in comparison with black-and-white, under the same conditions gives more reliable and detailed information about the state of natural resources, specific structure of vegetation, its distribution and the area they occupy. Color pictures on volume of information stand between polyzonal and black-and-white ones.
Table 1
THE WORLD SHARE RATIO OF VOLUMES
OF SATELLITE IMAGERIES AND AERIAL PICTURES USE
| Year |
The share of aerial pictures, % |
The share of satellite images, % |
| 1995 |
78 |
22 |
| 2000 |
60 |
40 |
| 2005 |
36 |
64 |
For the Republic of Uzbekistan the sharpest problem became strengthening from year to year ecological and demographic load on the ground. Under the remaining high increase in population the area of arable lands per capita steadily decreases and makes for today 0.17 hectares. At the same time the potential of involving of new lands into agricultural production, suitable for running of agriculture, is close to exhaustion. Alongside with the abovementioned constant decrease in fertility and increase in pollution of arable lands is observed. In many respects a monoculture of cotton was the key problem contributed to violation of a crop rotation which in his turn led to an exhaustion of soils, as well as excessive consumption of mineral and poisonous fertilizers. The low standard of farming leads to the strengthening of processes of wind and water erosion and secondary salinity.
Realizing the necessity of solution of ecological, economic and social problems facing to Uzbekistan, the country leaders undertake a number of measures directed on their mitigation. The monopoly of cotton has been practically liquidated; the efforts of increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems and quality of agriculture running undertakes. However to speak about fast liquidation of the specified problems is too early. It is obviously that the solution of the problems will take tens of years.
Profound analysis of situation in agrarian sector of the republic of Uzbekistan, development the optimal administrative decisions is possible at presence of sufficient quality of actual and objective information about analyzed objects, whether it be condition of crops, crop predictions, borders of households or sowing areas, etc.
Aspiration to adjust effective, rational and planned management in agrarian sector encounters with many problems. First of all it is the absence of authentic and objective data both about locality, and character and mode of land tenure.
At a stage of transition to market economy the transfer of lands of agricultural purpose for rent to farmers are carried out in Uzbekistan. The land plots are transferred for rent for the period of 50 years with the right of succession. The rent and land tax are determined in view of land quality, its bonitet. It is necessary to define with accuracy the land bonitet of each farm. Thus farms at early stage can borrow the insignificant areas, sometimes it is only some hectares. The necessity of organization and monitoring of lands on the basis of modern information technologies and materials of space shooting of high resolution appears.
Now works on organization of monitoring of land resources are conducted in the republic. The works are conducted on the basis of GIS - technologies and with use of Ikonos satellite images. Zones of a spectrum such as red, green, blue and near infra-red are used. During the work such software products as Intergraph and Leica Geosystems are applied. Preliminary satellite images pass the procedure of orthophototransformation with use of digital models of terrain and the catalogue of basic and control points.
If necessary they are resulted to schedule of nomenclature sheets of topographical maps in the given scale, frame design is made up.
Works on creation of interpretation standards databank which is planned to use during the process of automated interpretation of satellite imagery are carried out.
On the basis of analysis of Ikonos satellite images materials the following problems find its solution:
- Estimation of condition of crops, contamination, density, drowning, etc.;
- Identification of various crops and definition of areas they occupy;
- Estimation of influence of fertilizers on efficiency of crops and soils;
- Inventory of meadows, haymakings, pastures with an estimation of their condition and efficiency;
- Objective mapping of farmlands;
- Account of land tenure types and ways of agricultural engineering running;
- Drawing up of maps and borders of land tenure of the agricultural enterprises and cadastral maps;
- Studying of soil structure and properties, soil mapping;
- Soil and agricultural zoning of the territory of inspected region;
- Performance of works on geobotanical inspection of pastures, etc.
Materials of satellite imagery are used as basis for conducting the State land cadastre. Demands of reliability, urgency, systemization and availability are required to objects of the State land cadastre.
These requirements are provided with organization of state account of territorial zones and land plots. The task of state account is fixation of legally significant and actual data about location, size, borders, shape and other physical characteristics of territorial zones and land plots in the state databank - the state land cadastre.