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Digital archiving of Kamegata-Ishi(Turtle shape stone) using data fusion of heterogeneous measurements Masataka Imura, Yoshito Tabata, Tomohiro Kuroda, Yoshitsugu Manabe, Osamu Oshiro and Kunihiro Chihara Graduate School of Information Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma,Nara 630-0101, Japan Tel: +81-743-72-5274 Fax: +81-743-72-5279 E-mail:masata-i@is.aist-nara.ac.jp Ichiroh Kanaya Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University Abstract On January 11, 2000, Kamegata-Ishi (Turtle Shape Stone) was excavated in Asuka, Nara, Japan. Ever since, this curious-shaped stone has been attracting archaeological attention as the key to elucidate the mystery of the culture of the Asuka era. In this paper, the authors report the procedure of digital archive utilizing heterogeneous measurement methods, which are a total station, a non-contact 3D digitizer and a stereo camera. The reconstructed model holds both a detailed 3D shape and surface texture images of the stone. What is kamegata-Ishi ? Kamegata-Ishi (Turtle Shape Stone) is the curious-shaped stone monument, which was excavated from the Sakafune-Ishi ruins (Asuka, Nara, Japan) on January 11, 2000 (Aizawa, 2000). Figure 1 shows the appearance of the stone. Kamegata-Ishi is located in a square that is paved with sandstone and surrounded by steps. Peculiarity of the sandstone reveals that these relics were constructed under the orders of the Empress Saimei (reigned from A.D. 655 to 661) in the Asuka era (A.D. 592-710).
Figure 1: Appearance of Kamegata-Ishi (a) Overall (b) Close-up of head  Figure 2: Procedure of restoration The bowl-like shape of the stone indicates that the ancients in the Asuka era seemed to fill Kamegata-Ishi with water during their rite. In the Asuka era, a large number of peculiar stone monuments that seemed to be related to water were constructed. The purpose of these stones is still unknown and under discussion. The discovery of Kamegata-Ishi introduced a new clue into this remaining mystery. Therefore, the stone has been attracting a great deal of archaeological attention as the key to elucidate the culture of the Asuka era. Procedure of Restoration A procedure of restoration is shown in Figure 2. The procedure is mainly divided into three parts: (1) measurement, (2) data processing for each result and (3) integration. Heterogeneous Measurement Methods At present, a variety of tools and techniques exist for gathering 3D data of archaeological relics (Addison, 2000 and Barceló, 2000) and a combination of methods is important to obtain a precise, detailed 3D model (Nagano, 1998). The authors integrate heterogeneous measurement methods, which are a total station SET6E (Sokkia), a non-contact 3D digitizer VIVID 700 (Minolta) and a stereo camera with 35mm film. A total station, which measures a distance to a target prism by a time-of-flight method, can cover an entire area where Kamegata-Ishi stands. However, speed of the measurement is so slow that recorded points are distributed sparsely. Moreover, no texture image can be obtained. Therefore, to obtain detailed local shapes and texture images, the authors employ a non-contact 3D digitizer and a stereo camera. A non-contact 3D digitizer obtains local shapes, which are represented as a group of dense polygons and a texture image of the surface. A stereo camera also obtains local shapes. Although the shapes are less accurate, these texture images are more vivid than ones from non-contact 3D digitizing. A measurement with a single device to obtain local shapes and texture images may produce an inaccurate reconstructed model because of accumulation of errors. The proposed method utilizes the data obtained by the total station as a skeleton. Consequently, accumulation of errors can be avoided in advance. Measurement A measurement of Kamegata-Ishi was executed on March 27, 2000. Putting Markers: First of all, markers were put on Kamegata-Ishi. Markers were used for mainly two purposes:
Figure 3: Obtained shapes (a) From optical surveying (b) From stereo imaging The total station measured 135 points and the result was stored in a note PC connected to the total station via RS-232C. The non-contact 3D digitizer obtained 41 local shapes. Each shape consists of 200 by 200 points and 400 by 400 color texture image. The stereo camera obtained 31 pairs of stereo photographs. Figure 3 shows the obtained shapes from each measurement.
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