Monitoring of Indonesia’s Land Cover Changes Between 2003-2006 Theresia Retno Wulan Agus Hermawan Atmadilaga Djoko Purnomo Turmudi Prita Brada Bumi wulan_tr@yahoo.com I. Introduction Land cover information has a strategic value as a reference for planning and management while the data provided in standard format. The land cover map shows distribution of the availability of agricultural land, national forest coves, open land, and dense vegetated areas. Considering the vast area of Indonesia, land cover data inventory should be done simultaneously in relatively short time. Therefore, MODIS multi-spectral satellite imageries with 250 m spatial resolution have been used to produce the 1:1,000,000 land cover map. Regular monitoring of land cover change is important in providing access to information of local natural resources and potencies to be developed in particular areas based on their used. II. Methodology Data Sources MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectra-radiometer) images MODIS is one of the advanced instruments useful for collecting global land cover data. With high temporal resolution, image at the same area can be obtained in the short period of time, ensure image acquisition with minimum cloud cover. MODIS composite image with combination bands of 721 (RGB) is similar to composite image with combination bands of 542 (RGB) of Land-Sat image which is widely used for land cover mapping. Regional Land Cover Maps scale 1:250.000, year 2003 Regional Land Cover Maps at the scale of 1:250.000, year 2003 were used as a reference for visual interpretation and polygon delineation. This map was aggregated to 1:1.000.000 map scale. The aggregation includes rectification and generalization processes. Baseline (Rupabumi Indonesia/RBI) Maps scale 1:1,000,000. The baseline (RBI) maps in the scale of 1:1,000,000 were used as working map, reference for geometric correction, and base maps. Geometric correction is part of pre-processing of satellite remotely sensed data that needs some control points (GCP). The GCP selected in some places that can be identified clearly both in the reference maps as well as in the images, such as river junction, road junction, river bank, shape of coastline, lake, and dam. Projection and coordinate systems used in the final maps refers to the RBI map projection and coordinate.  Figure1. Number of RBI BAKOSURTANAL map sheets Steps of Activities The flow diagram below shows activities steps applied for mapping land cover change:  Fig2. Flow Diagram The updating process of the national land cover map can be described as follows:
III.1. National Land Cover Year 2003 The land cover year 2003 shows that the land cover was dominated by forest with 56% of the total area, followed by dry fields (19%), and bush and shrub (12%). The other types of land cover i.e. plantation, settlement, and open land only occupied less than 5% of the area. Therefore, it can be concluded that most of the Indonesia’s areas still covered by forest in the year 2003.  Table 1. National Land Cover Year 2003 Looking at the land cover in each island, the forested area mostly found in Papua (70%) and Kalimantan (53%), Java (23%), Sumatera (31%), Nusa Tenggara (48%) and Sulawesi (58%). Land cover in Java and Bali were dominated by dry field and rice field (35% of the total area). In Sumatera the land cover was dominated by dry fields (33%) and in Nusa Tenggara the shrub and bush dominated the land cover with almost 39% of the area. III.2. National Land Cover Year 2005 In 2005, the national land cover was dominated by forest, cultivated land, and bush and shrub. The forest area comprises of 97,392,572 ha (51%), cultivated land 36,139,839 ha (19%), and bush and shrub 26,801,440 ha (14%). The percentage of settlement, rice field, forest estate, and Open land were not significantly different compared to the 2003 which those of the land cover types were less than 5%.  Table 2. National Land Cover Year 2005 In 2005, the land cover was dominated by cultivated land (33%) in Sumatera island. The percentage of forest areas in Papua (78%0 and Kalimantan island (52%) were not significantly different. The land cover condition in Nusa Tenggara consist of forest 2,458,901 ha and bush and shrub 2,174,061 ha. Because of the climate, most of the areas are suitable for grass and savannah. Almost the same condition was in Maluku where the land cover was dominated by forest and cultivated, but cultivation is a major agriculture. In Sulawesi, the land cover was dominated by forest 10,064,358 ha, cultivated land 4,745,789 ha, and bush and shrub1,869,729 ha. Due to Mountainous Topographic condition and poor soil, most of agriculture areas were dry fields. However, there are rice fields in flat areas. Considering total trend, the largest forest areas was in Papua. Sumatera comprises of the largest dry fields and plantation. Meanwhile Jawa island was dominated by settlement and Kalimantan island was dominated by bush and shrub. Nevertheless, forest in total percentage (Figure 6) was still the largest area of Indonesian land cover. Table 4 show the land cover area 2005 by island. III.3. National Land Cover Change 2003-2005 By summarizing the national land cover between year 2003 and 2005, the result of the land cover changes could be shown as in table 3.  Table 3. National Land Cover Change 2003-2005 From summarize of national land cover change between 2003 and 2005, some types of land cover decrease and the others increase. Forest areas had decreased by 5% due to logging or forest function changes becoming dry fields, plantation and even bush and shrub. On the other hand, open land had increased because many bare land which already unproductive land could not be utilized optimally. In base of big islands land cover changes, in Sumatera, forest had decreased by 2.5 million ha. It might change into bush and shrub and other land cover such as dry fields, settlement and open land. It was indicated by increasing non forest area by 40 % from total land cover in Sumatera. Like in Sumatera, forest cover in Kalimantan during three years had decreased by 1.7 million ha. It changed significantly into plantation, settlement, bush and shrub, and open land. Dry fields also decrease by 109.064 ha. The estate area expands because some of forest status might change into estate. This trend might be proved by forest fire disaster which is happening every year especially in Kalimantan Tengah and Kalimantan Timur. But its extremely at Bali and Java. The land changes trend its indicated the increased of settlement, dry land and bush by 45% from of total land changes. IV. SUMMARIZE According to the analysis of national and island-based land cover, it can be concluded that :
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