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Landuse-Land cover mapping through digital image processing of satellite data- A case study from Panchkula, Ambala and Yamunanagar districts, Haryana state, India
Methodology for the Study
The methodology followed in the digital classification of satellite data is as under:
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Digitization of administrative base maps of three district and bring them to a projection system.
- IRS-1D, LISS-III, digital data procured for Landuse-land cover mapping was geo-referenced with Survey of India (SOI) topographical sheets. The two satellite scenes covering the said districts were mosaiced.
- Digital Image Processing (DIP) was done using EASI-PACE software to prepare landuse land cover maps. For this purpose training sets were demarcated on the False Colour Composite (FCC) image of the study area belonging to both the season. Based on the training sets the digital image was utilised for supervised classification. Select training sets were checked in the field to authenticate the landuse category assigned to each training set in the FCC. The accuracy of classified image was checked through confusion matrix. The classification was further refined till the desired accuracy is reached. After proper classification of the images of both Kharif and Rabi season, these images were aggregated based on the truth table prepared by the resource scientist.
- Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image was generated separately for forest classification. The NDVI technique allows for precise identification of cropped areas, dense and open forest areas and water bodies. The Rabi season data was utilised for generating NDVI image. It was observed that higher NDVI values are associated with larger leaf area and larger green biomass of canopy.
- The extracted forest and water bodies from NDVI image were draped over the classified image.
- The classified raster image was converted to vector layer and then brought under GIS environment for generation of Landuse-land cover maps with proper labels. Finally the area calculation for various categories of landuse-landcover was done.
The various categories of landuse and land cover observed in the three districts can classified into five major groups, viz., built-up land, agricultural land, forestland, wasteland, and water bodies. The spatial distribution of landuse-land cover categories in the three districts are described below.
Spatial distribution of Landuse- land cover
- Panchkula District
Agricultural land
Landuse-land cover map shows that nearly 36 percent of the district area is used for agricultural of which Kharif crops covers the largest area (19.34%) followed by double-crop land (8.92). The fallow land occupies only 1.36 percent of the area. The main crops are the paddy and wheat in the Rabi and maize and pulses in the Kharif season.
Forest
The forest area is mainly confined to Siwalik hill ranges and parts of Piedmont zone. An area of nearly 272 km2 (30%) is marked under reserved forest of which 105 km2 & 130 km2 area is under good & moderate forest respectively. An area of 147 km2 is marked outside reserve forest of which only 72 km2 has been considered as good forest.
Wasteland
It occupies an area of about 16 percent of the geographical area of district and mainly consists of land with or without scrub (112.71% ) and sandy area (1.07% ).
The remaining area is covered by built-up land and water bodies. The built up land constitute about 28 km2 areas, which is mainly comprised by Panchkula township.
Table No. 2: Landuse-landover categories and their aerial coverage in Panchkula district.
| Level I |
Level II |
Area in sq. km. |
% of district area |
| 1. Built-up land |
City / Village
City plantation |
28.02
0.78 |
3.14
0.09 |
| 2. Agricultural land |
Kharif crop
Rabi crop
Double crop
Fallow land
Plantation |
177.15
46.58
79.69
12.16
5.93 |
19.84
5.22
8.92
1.36
0.66 |
| 3. Forest |
Reserve forest(Poor)
Reserve forest (Moderate)
Reserve Forest (Good)
Outside forest
(Poor)
Outside forest (Moderate)
Outside forest (Good) |
36.45
105.36
130.60
44.13
30.23
72.75 |
4.08
11.80
14.62
4.94
3.38
8.15 |
| 4. Wasteland |
Land without scrub
Sandy area |
113.51
9.54 |
12.71
1.07 |
| 5. Water Bodies |
Lakes/ tanks/river |
0.22 |
0.02 |
| Total |
893.10 |
100.00 |
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