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Zoning atlas for siting of industries on environmental aspects - A case study of district Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
Study Area
The District Ghaziabad (including Noida and Greater Noida i.e. part of
District Gautam Budh Nagar) covering an area of 2590 sq. Km lies between 28°26'
and 28°54' North latitudes and 77°12' and 78°13' East longitude. The shape of
the District resembles an uprooted tree with its canopy being towards west and
trunk towards east touching Ganga river. The District is located in the extreme
western part of the Uttar Pradesh State and is bounded by District Meerut in the
north, and in the south by District Bulandshar, River Ganga forms the natural
boundary in the east, separating it from District Moradabad. River Yamuna forms
the western boundary in parts. Delhi is in the west of Ghaziabad. The District
has been sub-divided into five Tehsils of Garhmukteshwar, Hapur, Modinagar,
Ghaziabad and Dadri. These Tehsils have been further sub divided into ten
development Blocks of Garhmukteshwar, Simbhaoli, Hapur, Dhaulana, Bhojpur,
Muradnagar, Rajpur, Loni, Bisrakh, and Dadri. As per the census report (1991),
there are 704 villages, 7 towns having nagar palika (Ghaziabad, Modinagar,
Pilkhua, Hapur, Muradnagar, Dadri, and Garhmukteshwar), and 7 towns having town
area committees (Dasna, Begumabad, Faridnagar, Patla, Niwari, Loni, and
Babugarh).
The total area under these urban agglomerations is 148.2 sq.
kms. The Total population as per 1991 census is 27,55,000, out of which the
rural population is 14,76,535 and urban population is 12,79,000, meaning there
by 46% population of the District resides in the urban areas. This is causing a
tremendous stress on the limited urban areas. The average population density for
the District is of the order of 497.2 persons/sq.km for rural areas but for
urban areas the density is as high as 863.0 person/sq.km. Ghaziabad is one of
the highly industrialized District of Uttar Pradesh. Nature has been very
generous to Ghaziabad. The land is very fertile, topography is plain and has
abundance of good quality of groundwater. Besides the nature's generosity, the
District has a tremendous locational advantage being in proximity to Delhi. All
these favourable factors have led to a very high and rapid growth of the
District in terms of both population and industries. The Zoning Atlas of
District Ghaziabad consists of a set of 18 maps portraying site characteristics
such as land use, soil characteristics, land capability, air quality, water
quality, sensitive zones etc. and the areas suitable for industrial development.
Major activities involved in preparation of Zoning Atlas
The major
activities involved in preparation of the Zoning Atlas including use of GIS
software are:
- collection of data, maps and information from secondary sources;
- preparation of base maps and various theme maps;
- survey of the district and monitoring of air, surface water and groundwater;
- discussion with various government officials;
- digitisation of the maps;
- presentation of the draft report and maps in front of state and district
authorities;
- preparation of the draft report;
- review of the report, maps and recommendations by CPCB; and
- preparation of the final report.
Maps prepared in the Zoning
Atlas :
The maps in 1:2,50,000 scale (1 cm = 2.5 km) included in the
Zoning Atlas are :
- Characteristics of the District
Base map, village reference map, land use
map, physiography map, agricultural use and capability map (including irrigation
map showing canal system), wastelands map, drainage map and location of existing
industries.
- Unsuitable zones
Sensitive zones map (including forests, national parks,
sanctuaries, monuments, flood prone areas, prime agricultural lands, etc.)
- Air pollution related maps
Air quality map, air pollution sensitivity
map, risks due to siting of air polluting industries
- Surface water related maps
Watersheds map, surface water use map, surface
water quality map, surface water flow map, surface water pollution sensitivity
map, risks due to siting of water polluting industries
- Groundwater (GW) related maps
Ground water use map, Ground water quality
map, Ground water potential map, Ground water table map, infiltration rate map,
Ground water pollution sensitivity map, Risks due to siting of Ground water
polluting activities (disposal of effluents or solid/hazardous wastes on land).
- Alternate sites/zones
Industrial suitability map (showing possible
alternate sites for various types of industries) Findings &
Conclusions
Following five types of zones have been identified in the
District :
- ZONE-1 :Siting of any type of air and/or water polluting industries should
not be allowed in these zones. Based on micro-level studies these zones may be
considered for siting of industries with low air pollution potential and/or low
water pollution potential. These zones are located in the western, and eastern
parts of the district and are falling partly in Ghaziabad, Dadri, and
Garhmukteshwar tehsil.
- ZONE-2 :Industries having high water pollution potential and/or any type of
air pollution potential should not be allowed in these zones. Based on micro
level studies, siting of industries with very low air pollution potential,
and/or medium or low water pollution potential may be considered. Only one very
small zone, is in the district and is located near Muradnagar.
- ZONE-3 :Industries having medium air pollution potential whose impact is not
likely to exceed 2 km or industries having very low air pollution potential but
not having any type of water pollution may be considered for siting in these
zones. Industries with high air pollution potential or high or medium water
pollution potential should not be allowed in these zones. These zones are in
Modinagar, Dadri and Garhmukteshwar tehsils.
- ZONE-4 :Industries having medium and/or low air pollution potential whose
impact is not likely to exceed 2 km and/or having medium or low water pollution
potential may be considered for siting in this zone. Industries with high air
pollution potential or high water pollution potential should not be allowed in
this zone. only one very very small zone is located in Modinagar tehsils.
- ZONE-5 :Industries with any type of air pollution and also not having any
water pollution potential may be considered for siting in this zone. However,
based on micro-level studies, siting of industries with very very low pollution
potential may also be considered. These are located in the Dadri and
Garhmukteshwar tehsils.
Following sites have been recommended for
developing Industrial area :
- SITE - 1: It is near Loni. It is suitable for siting only those industries,
which are having low air pollution potential and/or low water pollution
potential.
- SITE - 2: It is near kot on G.T. road. It is suitable for siting only those
industries, which are having high/medium/low air pollution potential and/or low
water pollution potential.
Thus, environmental planning is a proven
tool for making a balance between the Industrial development & Environment.
For Sustainable Industrial development of State; Govt. Of Uttar Pradesh has
incorporated the Zoning Atlas studies in the Uttar Pradesh State Industrial
Policy'1998 and has committed through it that District-wise Zoning Atlases shall
be prepared for the entire State so that the Industry can easily take the
decisions regarding the location of the units and this will not only facilitate
the issue of NOC's and Consents by the Pollution Control Board, but also make
the entire system transparent and free from exercise of discretion. Therefore,
now co-ordination between all the concerned government departments and the
regulatory authorities & serious involvement of the entrepreneurs and the
public is the need of the hour for the sustainable industrial development.
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