Identification / Mapping of Slum Environment using IKONOS Satellite Data: A Case Study of Dehradun, India Analysis Slums in Dehradun City as a Whole The slums in Dehradun city have experienced a drastic change as revealed from this study. It has been observed that the number o slums have increased from 75 in 1996 to 113 in 2000. The total area under slum is now more than 279.65 acre. Out of the 113 slums of Dehradun city, nearly 90 slums are developed along the two major non-perennial rivers, Bindal Rao and Rispana Rao (Fig. No. 1). Most of the river bed of these two river had become narrower due to encroachment of slums. Another remarkable feature came out from the study of the slums was that, out of the 113 slums, only 23 slums are away from the drainage channel. Most of these slums (23) have grown up either along the railway line that goes to Haridwar, or along the major city roads. It is observed that the slums are mostly developed as a continuous patch particularly in the central part of the Rispana Rao and Bindal Rao. However, it is seen that the growth of slums is not restricted within the existing municipal ward boundary as two big slums have been identified near the Raipur road. The slum expansion is due to the pressure of the population mostly on un-used, un-protected and un-suitable government land. In highly developed areas, the slum pockets do not expand as the land is not available for expansion and is better protected due to the higher cost. It is observed that though the extent of slums area is more in residential pockets, but there is a tremendous growth in the existing slum located along the linear features like drainage channels, roads, and railways and as a result mostly are linear in nature. The slums in inner city area are less in extent and are in stagnant situation than the slums in peripheries (as no provision for further growth is there). In Dehradun, the slums, in inner city area did not register any increase in number between 1996-2000, whereas the slums in the peripheral area registered a high growth.  Fig. no. 2 The internal land use and utility were studied through satellite imagery and through field survey to find out the causes for sporadic and haphazard development of Slums. The present study area constitute 7 different slums , namely Aryanagar-1, Aryanagar D.L.Road, Chiriya Mandi, Aryanagar-2, Nai Basti Nalapani Road, Kondoli, Rishinagar (fig.no.-2). Thus, the satellite imagery was found very useful in marking the layout pattern of slums, by-lanes, counting the buildings (structures), water logged areas etc. However the imagery does not show the activity within buildings, but show only the site adaptation. Detailed building uses e.g. the shops, small temples etc. could only be confirmed only during field survey. The SLUMS ENVIRONMENT in the study area has been analyzed and mapped based on the following parameters (Detailed study of Condoli slum is shown in Fig. No. 3).  Fig. no. 3 a) Composition of Roof Materials On the basis of field survey, it was found find that out of total 1222 houses in the study area, 585 houses (44%) have roof made up of concrete, followed by tin and plastic in 372 houses (25%) (Table-1). Particularly in Aryanagar-2 and Chiriya Mandi concrete is dominant roof material. After concrete, tin and plastic is the second major roof material. In Rishinagar, Nalapani Nai Basti and Aryanagar D.L Road the number of houses having tin and plastic as roof material are more than that of made up of concrete. Asbestos is the third important roof material, present in 102 houses (11%) in all the slums. The other type of material is rarely used and less in number. Table-1: Composition of Roof Material
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