Identification / Mapping of Slum Environment using IKONOS Satellite Data: A Case Study of Dehradun, India b) Composition of Wall Materials Wall is an important part of a building and reflects the economic condition. Table-2 shows that out of the 1222 houses in this area 1065 houses (88%) are made up of bricks. Table-2: Composition of wall material
One of the most important pictures comes from Chiriya Mandi slum where all the houses are made up of brick. Unburned brick is the second important wall material found in 112 houses (9%) in that area. c) Condition of Water Supply In the study area 520 houses (43%) don’t have the piped water connection. Availability of water to houses is highest in Aryanagar-2 where more than 73% houses have water connection (table-3). The condition is same in Aryanagar-1. But in Rishinagar and Aryanagar D L Road the situation is really bad. In Rishinagar about 64% of houses lack this facility. In rest of the areas the condition is medium. Table-3: Physical Infrastructural Facilities
d) Sanitation Condition The slums of study area show medium to better sanitation condition as 780 houses (64%) in the area have sanitation facility and 442 houses (36%) without sanitation (table-3). But if we take the slums individually into account, it reveals an interesting picture. Only in Aryanagar D L Road the number of houses without sanitation is high (61.25%). In rest of the slums though the number of houses with sanitation is higher (65.58%). e) Drainage Condition In the area under study, it has been observed that out of 1222 houses 643 houses (52.62%) don’t have any drainage facility (table-3). Wherever drainage facility is available in 579 houses (47.38%) and all the drains are open drains. Out of seven slums in that area, four slums have very bad drainage condition particularly in Rishinagar where out of 212 houses, 193 houses (91.04%) are without any drainage. Only Aryanagar-1 and Chiriya Mandi have relatively better drainage condition. Wherever open drains are available, though either they are too narrow or half the portion is filled up with garbage. f) Electric Supply In the study area, out of total 1222 houses, 891 houses (72.91%) have electric supply; where as 331 houses (27.09%) do not have this facility (table-3). Though it has been observed that in some houses the overall condition is very bad, but electricity is available. g) Street Lighting Most of the houses in this area do not have street lighting. It is seen that only 583 houses (47.71%) have this facility (table-3). The condition is worse in both Rishinagar and Condoli Gaon, where 170 houses (80.19%) out of total 212 houses and 111 houses (64.16%) out of total 173 houses respectively don’t have any street lighting facility. In Aryanagar -1 and Aryanagar D.L.Road the availability of street lighting is also less. It has been observed that in most of the slum areas which are closer to the main road, or commercial center etc., street lighting facility is better.
h) Access to Houses It has been observed that out of the total 1222 houses in the study area, 441 houses (37%) are easily accessible, 465 houses (39%) are accessible, 259 houses (21%) are poorly accessible and 147 houses (13%) are very poorly accessible. The houses having very poor accessibility were approached through riverbed. However in Rishinagar the accessibility condition is relatively bad as poorly accessible and very poorly accessible houses together account for 54.25% (i.e. 115 houses) out of the total 212 houses. The internal streets are neither paved nor sufficiently wide for introducing any kind of basic municipal services. The surface of the streets are uneven and become unapproachable in monsoon i) Building Category On the basis of Census of India criteria the houses in the study area has been divided into four categories, namely pakka, semi-pakka, semi-kachcha, kachcha.Almost all the slums have pakka houses as dominant, except in Rishinagar and Aryanagar D.L.Road, where the numbers of semi-kachcha houses are slightly more. Although numbers of kachcha houses are very low, Rishinagar has got the major share. Out of the1222 houses in the slum area, only 44 houses (3.6%) are fully kachcha house. In the study area 690 houses (56.46%) are pakka houses and 374 houses (30.6%) are semi-kachcha houses and only 114 houses (9.24%) are semi-pakka houses (Census of India housing criteria). j) Living Condition House condition is one of the determinant factors regarding the slum environment. House condition in slums has been considered on the basis of all the other parameters selected. Out of the 1222 houses, only 17 houses (1.4%) fall under very good condition, 137 houses (11.5%) are under good condition, 432 houses (35.3%) having medium condition, 232 houses (18.9%) having bad condition and 404 houses (32.9%) having very bad conditions. Flood Risk Vulnearability in Slums For the purpose of risk vulnerability in slums, 50m and 100m buffer have been drawn around drainage (fig. no.-4). It has been observed that out of the 113 slums in the study area only 23 slums are located away from the drainage channel. Within the 50mt. buffer zone 63 slums are located, while 27 slums are located within 100m buffer zone. That is a total of 90 slums are located within the 100mt. buffer zone (nearly 80%).Mostly these slums were developed by encroaching land in the riverbeds or near to that.  Fig. No. -4 Conclusions Most of the slums have developed in the periphery along the natural drainage channels. This factor raises an important issue regarding the safety of the slums i.e. slums subjected to environmental risks (like flash floods). Most of the slums may wash out and may cause immense loss to human life and property. Regarding the study area it has been observed that although most of the slums are marginal slums, but the condition is not so bad in terms of living. The large number of pakka houses, better sanitation condition, available electricity, access to house etc. gives us picture of a slum area having mixed socio-economic condition. It has also been concluded that the slum houses located in the right bank of the river are better than that of the left bank. Because the right bank slums are more or less stabilized because of its nearness to the important commercial canters grown along D.L Road and there is less provision for further construction of slum houses. On the contrary, in the left bank, slum houses are developing fast and the important services like water, drainage, electricity, are lacking. Access to houses and sanitation condition is very poor along with street lighting. This is mostly due to the barrier of river between slums and main city area. Here, in most of the portion purely slum condition prevails. From the above study it may be concluded that most of the slums in Dehradun were formed by encroaching the major drainage channel, and flash flood may damage most of the slums located in this area. So, proper care, planning and management should be taken to mitigate the flood risk vulnerability in slums. The urban planner therefore, has to take these facts into consideration and also monitor the vulnerable areas for checking the growth and expansion of the slums. References
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