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Land Records Management System in India – Technical Framework
2.0 Existing Scenario:
In India, land records data are maintained at tehsil office or equivalent offices. Mainly the records are of two types:
- Alphanumeric data containing record of rights details, crop statistics of individual plots.
- The cadastral maps depicting the boundaries and extent of the plots. These are maintained in form of village maps or Field Measurement Book
2.1 Alphanumeric Data:
Various registers are maintaining containing the following records:
Record of Rights: It contains the ownership details of each parcel, sub-divisions etc.
Crop details: These are updated thrice/twice in the States based on crop seasons and inspection reports giving details of crops sown, area, cultivators and yield details.
Pedigree table – This is pedigree sheet giving the details of family history, relationships with ownership details.
2.2 Survey Methods used in the past
The object of cadastral survey is the determination of village and field boundaries, preparation of village map showing such boundaries and area lists, and preparation of field registers. The maps and area lists give the physical boundaries and areas and the field registers give the land particulars like ownership, revenue assessment, land classification etc.
Numerous Survey methods were used and modified time and again. However, the records of Bombay Survey System and Madras Survey System, which evolved after various iterations, were adopted as a standard in many Southern States.
2.2.1 Bombay Survey System
This method involved running an imaginary line called G-Line or Baseline across the field and measurement of plot boundary vertex locations with respect to this line. Two distances, the distance along the baseline and the perpendicular length from the baseline to the vertex were recorded in the form of a Ladder Table or Field Measurement Table (FMT). The Field Data for a village were maintained in a book with the ladder tables and a sketch of each land holding.
2.2.2 Madras Survey System
In this system, the survey field is initially approximated by running triangulation lines across the field. These triangulation lines describe the basic shape of the boundary of the survey field. The detailed profile of the survey field is described by offsetting local boundary points on to the triangulation lines along the boundary. The system also uses multiple base line method occasionally in describing a complex shape survey field. Further, survey records are also sub-divided and represented in the field measurement sketch unlike in the case of Bombay survey system where sub-divisions are represented on a separate sheet from the main tippan (a sheet describing the boundary of the survey field).
2.2.3 Mapping
Village maps were prepared by using the individual survey field data. Such maps tended to be slightly inaccurate due to error in individual fields being accumulated across the village. Errors generally crept in due to measurement resolution being rounded off and also due to terraneous nature of the ground. Field sketches assume the ground to be flat, however, the same data when mosaiced across a village result in sizeable.
The boundary of the village was traversing surveyed and was used to control the accumulated error in the mosaiced village map. In traverse survey, the entire village was divided into more than one block and known boundary points (called traverse stations). The method involved starting from first station and recording the distance and the angle to the next station and so on till the circuit was closed. In many Northern states, the individual field records were either lost or abandoned after preparation of accurate village map and this map became a basis for obtaining individual survey boundaries.
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