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GIS based Flood Management-Case study of Allahabad City
SYED HASAN ABBAS
Research Scholar
Research Scholar, Department of civil Engineering MNNIT Allahabad
mehdimomeni@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Disaster can be well managed through spatial planning. GIS is used for managing the large volumes of data needed for the hazard and risk assessment. The objective of this paper is aimed to improve flood preparedness and management for (sadar tehsil) Allahabad district (India). The study will include development of GIS based early response system, and an emergency preparedness plan for the district and also analyze the impact of floods disasters in the region. ArcInfo has been used as a tool for storing all types of relevant data for analysis and decision making. The various thematic maps include road network map, water supply network map, fire control office map, drainage map, land use map, population density map, ward boundaries, location of slums, and location of water filling points. The proposed GIS based flood mitigation and management program would improve the currently practiced disaster management programs. GIS based conceptual framework for disaster management has also been suggested in this paper.
1 INTRODUCTION
A disaster is defined as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. The natural disasters have become fast recurring phenomena all over the world causing huge loss of human lives and crumbling impact on the economy of a country. The importance of uncertainty in natural hazard risk management has received recent attention (Goodchild, 1991, Newkirk, 1993, Rejeski, 1993, Coppock, 1995, Handmer, 1995, Davis and Keller, 1997). On an average 4,888 people are killed and 59 million getting affected annually from various types of disasters (World Disasters Report, 1994).
Of all the natural hazards, floods occur most often and are the most widespread in scope and severity in India. It is observed that there is a four fold rise during last fifty years. High magnitude floods during the monsoon season are considered to be India’s recurring and leading natural disaster (Vishwas et al., 1994). Table 1 shows maximum damage between 1953 to 2004 in India due to flood.
The study includes development of GIS based early response system and an emergency preparedness plan for the Allahabad district, India and also analyze the impact of floods disasters in the region. The model provides the solution for infrastructure management with a view to identify how local governing could help address such issues.
Table 1: Maximum damage between 1953 to 2004 in India (CWC, 2006-2007).
Source: Water Commission (FMP Directorate)
2 GIS AS A TOOL FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
GIS is a computer based system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information. However, the definition by NASA seems to cover all aspects which state that GIS is an integrated system of computer hardware, software and trained personnel linking topographic, demographic, utility, facility, image and other resource data that is geographically referenced. GIS technology supports spatial data handling and analysis efficiently and can be used to create an integrated geo-database on biological (agriculture), meteorological (rainfall), hydrological (water resources), socio-economic (population) indicators, etc. for their subsequent use in modelling the simple/ complex disaster related indices to reflect the vulnerability of an area to the disaster.
GIS based system can be used as an integrated administrative and decision support system to respond to the immediate humanitarian and disaster relief operation during and after the event. Disaster management techniques are based on the economic status of the country and hence mapping and information acquisition is vital for disaster management. GIS supports all aspects of disaster management. Disaster planning, response, mitigation, and recovery all become more efficient through the use of GIS (Suresh et al., 2005).Government of India constituted a High Powered Committee (HPC) for the efficient implementation of disaster management strategy, according to which about thirty disasters have been categorized into five sub groups. They are as follows:
Water and climate related hazards
Geologically related hazards
Chemical, Industrial and Nuclear related disasters
Accident related disasters
Biologically related disasters.
Further, GIS for disaster management helps in the following activities:
Visualization of spatial distribution of events during the occurrence of a disaster.
Identification of location of various service centers in the affected area.
Maintenance of critical communication linkages between affected areas with rest of the world.
Facilitate continuous monitoring of the situation and feedback response.
Help modeling of different disaster situations and identify corresponding vulnerable areas and risk zones.
3 GIS BASED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ALLAHABAD DISTRICT
The disaster management is a multi-disciplinary endeavour, requiring many types of data with spatial and temporal attributes that should be available to district administrators in the right format for decision-making. The volume of information needed for natural disasters far exceeds the capacity to deal with them manually and thus there is a need for a GIS based information system. Figure 1 shows the proposed organogram for Allahabad district. According to DDMA, (District Disaster Management Authority, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India) disaster management authority is governed by chairman (District Magistrate) and nominated officers and the co-chairman is elected member of Zila Panchayat (Adhyaksh Zila Panchayat). The whole disaster management plan runs through 11 committees. These committees are supported by 26 district level department which are represented by A-Z alphabet.
fig.1 Organogram of District Disaster Management Authority
3.1 Details for organogram notations
The present study area is Sadar tehsil of District Allahabad which is surrounded by Ganga and Yamuna river and located between 81°45' to 82°0' latitude and 25°15' to 25°30' longitude (Figure 2). All the Mohalla/Villages considered are highly populated giving high revenues and wealth to district administration and located between two rivers which are frequently affected by river flooding. Five Major flood occurrence happened in Allahabad in the years in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1978 and 1983. Cause of flood in Allahabad is due to rise in level of river water at Tehsil Sadar, Meja, Soraun, Phoolpur, Handia, Karchana, Bara due to Meja Dam water release at Meja Urva, Manda, Koraune blocks of Meja Tehsil and due to heavy rains over low lying areas of nine localities in Allahabad City. Major dams of Allahabad are Baxi Dam, Charchar Nala dam, and Meja Dam.
fig.2 Map of Study Area - Allahabad District
5. METHODOLOGY
The map of Allahabad city is prepared using ArcGIS 9.1. The various stages involved in the preparation of a comprehensive disaster management strategy for Allahabad should include the following:
The disaster management efforts, viz. prevention, reduction, mitigation, relief and rehabilitation require precise maps with spatial data and non-spatial data.
This includes development of an integrated geo-database consisting of various thematic maps, demographic data, socio-economic data and infrastructural facilities at village level under GIS environment.
The various utilities like education facilities, medical facilities, road connectivity, cinema hall, news paper, telephone and telegraph facilities, irrigated and un irrigated area facilities, electricity, etc. and other information from Census 2001 available for the district are represented spatially using GIS.
The Survey of India (SOI) maps are suitably supplemented for information relating to specific and individual disasters as well as for planning of developmental programmes.
The various thematic maps prepared include road network map, water supply network map, fire control office map, urban sprawl map, drainage map and land use map of different of the study area.
6. DEVELOPMENT OF GIS BASED MAPS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Various maps are generated for the analysis in the GIS platform. Some of these maps are flood affected area of Sadar Tehsil, population density distribution in flood prone areas, villages having road connectivity, hospital facility in flood affected areas, and route of relief map (figure 3 to 7).
fig.3 Map showing flood affected areas of study area
fig.4 Map showing population density in flood prone areas of Sadar Tehsil.
fig. 5 Map showing paved and mud road connectivity in villages of flood affected areas.
fig. 6 Map showing hospital facility in flood affected areas.
fig. 7 Route of relief camp.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The results show that 54 villages are surrounded by water when river water reaches upto 84.50 m one can identify the villages which are affected by this danger mark. With the help of GIS based maps the requirement of food, camps, water, and required relief shelter can be decided. District Magistrate can verify the arrangement of relief camp with the help of GIS information. The results show that 33 villages are affected by Ganga river in Sadar Tehsil. The GIS generated map shows that out of 54 villages only 7 villages mud road and 47 villages have paved road. Mud road villages required more attention than paved road. Thus GIS tool can be beneficial for getting all the relevant information at the time of occurrence of the disaster.
REFERENCES
Coppock, J.T. (1995). GIS and natural hazards: an overview from a GIS perspective. In: Carrara, A. and Guzzetti, F., Editors, 1995. Geographical Information Systems in Assessing Natural Hazards vol. 6, Kluwer Academic, Netherlands, pp. 21–34.
CWC, 2006-2007, Central Water Commission Annual Report, New Delhi, India.
Davis, T. J., & Keller, C. P. (1997). Modelling uncertainty in natural resource analysis using fuzzy sets and Monte Carlo Simulations: slope stability prediction. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 11, No. 5, pp. 409-434.
Goodchild, M. F. (1991). Issues of quality and uncertainty. (In J. C. Muller (Ed.), Advances in cartography: Elsevier, (pp. 113–139)).
Handmer, J. (1995). Risk and uncertainty in environmental management. (In T.W. Norton, T. Beer, & S.R. Dovers (Eds.), (pp. 44–62), Canberra: Australian National University).
Newkirk, R. T. (1993). Simulation for risk analysis: a challenge for GIS. In J.D. Sullivan (Ed.), International Emergency Management and Engineering Conference: Tenth Anniversary: Research and Applications; Proceedings of the Simulation Multiconference on the International Emergency Management and Engineering Conference: 62–65.
Rejeski, D. (1993). GIS and risk: a three culture problem. (In: Goodchild, M.F., Parks, B.O. and Steyaert, L.T., Editors, 1993. Environmental Modeling with GIS, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 318–331).
Suresh, M.R., Manjunath, K.V., and Hegde, M.N. (2005). Earthquake hazards, preparedness, mitigation and management issues. Proceedings of the National Conference on Geotechnics in Environmental Protection, 9-10 April: X5-X8.
Vishwas, S.K., Lisa, L.E., and Yehouda E, Victor, R.B. 1994. Geomorphic and hydrologic aspects of monsoon floods on the Narmada and Tapi rivers in Central India. Geomorphology, 10(1-4):157-168.
World Disasters Report (1994) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr/ )
SYED HASAN ABBAS
Research Scholar
Research Scholar, Department of civil Engineering MNNIT Allahabad
mehdimomeni@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Disaster can be well managed through spatial planning. GIS is used for managing the large volumes of data needed for the hazard and risk assessment. The objective of this paper is aimed to improve flood preparedness and management for (sadar tehsil) Allahabad district (India). The study will include development of GIS based early response system, and an emergency preparedness plan for the district and also analyze the impact of floods disasters in the region. ArcInfo has been used as a tool for storing all types of relevant data for analysis and decision making. The various thematic maps include road network map, water supply network map, fire control office map, drainage map, land use map, population density map, ward boundaries, location of slums, and location of water filling points. The proposed GIS based flood mitigation and management program would improve the currently practiced disaster management programs. GIS based conceptual framework for disaster management has also been suggested in this paper.
1 INTRODUCTION
A disaster is defined as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. The natural disasters have become fast recurring phenomena all over the world causing huge loss of human lives and crumbling impact on the economy of a country. The importance of uncertainty in natural hazard risk management has received recent attention (Goodchild, 1991, Newkirk, 1993, Rejeski, 1993, Coppock, 1995, Handmer, 1995, Davis and Keller, 1997). On an average 4,888 people are killed and 59 million getting affected annually from various types of disasters (World Disasters Report, 1994).
Of all the natural hazards, floods occur most often and are the most widespread in scope and severity in India. It is observed that there is a four fold rise during last fifty years. High magnitude floods during the monsoon season are considered to be India’s recurring and leading natural disaster (Vishwas et al., 1994). Table 1 shows maximum damage between 1953 to 2004 in India due to flood.
The study includes development of GIS based early response system and an emergency preparedness plan for the Allahabad district, India and also analyze the impact of floods disasters in the region. The model provides the solution for infrastructure management with a view to identify how local governing could help address such issues.
Source: Water Commission (FMP Directorate)
2 GIS AS A TOOL FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
GIS is a computer based system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information. However, the definition by NASA seems to cover all aspects which state that GIS is an integrated system of computer hardware, software and trained personnel linking topographic, demographic, utility, facility, image and other resource data that is geographically referenced. GIS technology supports spatial data handling and analysis efficiently and can be used to create an integrated geo-database on biological (agriculture), meteorological (rainfall), hydrological (water resources), socio-economic (population) indicators, etc. for their subsequent use in modelling the simple/ complex disaster related indices to reflect the vulnerability of an area to the disaster.
GIS based system can be used as an integrated administrative and decision support system to respond to the immediate humanitarian and disaster relief operation during and after the event. Disaster management techniques are based on the economic status of the country and hence mapping and information acquisition is vital for disaster management. GIS supports all aspects of disaster management. Disaster planning, response, mitigation, and recovery all become more efficient through the use of GIS (Suresh et al., 2005).Government of India constituted a High Powered Committee (HPC) for the efficient implementation of disaster management strategy, according to which about thirty disasters have been categorized into five sub groups. They are as follows:
Water and climate related hazards
Geologically related hazards
Chemical, Industrial and Nuclear related disasters
Accident related disasters
Biologically related disasters.
Further, GIS for disaster management helps in the following activities:
Visualization of spatial distribution of events during the occurrence of a disaster.
Identification of location of various service centers in the affected area.
Maintenance of critical communication linkages between affected areas with rest of the world.
Facilitate continuous monitoring of the situation and feedback response.
Help modeling of different disaster situations and identify corresponding vulnerable areas and risk zones.
3 GIS BASED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ALLAHABAD DISTRICT
The disaster management is a multi-disciplinary endeavour, requiring many types of data with spatial and temporal attributes that should be available to district administrators in the right format for decision-making. The volume of information needed for natural disasters far exceeds the capacity to deal with them manually and thus there is a need for a GIS based information system. Figure 1 shows the proposed organogram for Allahabad district. According to DDMA, (District Disaster Management Authority, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India) disaster management authority is governed by chairman (District Magistrate) and nominated officers and the co-chairman is elected member of Zila Panchayat (Adhyaksh Zila Panchayat). The whole disaster management plan runs through 11 committees. These committees are supported by 26 district level department which are represented by A-Z alphabet.
fig.1 Organogram of District Disaster Management Authority
3.1 Details for organogram notations
- Law and order committee
- Rescue committee
- Traffic control committee
- Advisory committee
- Fire control committee
- Communication committee
- Health &welfare committee
- Water supply committee
- Transportation arrangement committee
- Awareness, education committee
- On site emergency committee
- Police
- Intelligence
- Army
- Fire brigade
- PWD
- Irrigation,
- Jal Nigam
- Nagar Nigam
- Development Authority
- Jal Sansthan
- Media
- NGOs
- Telecommunication
- Electricity Supply
- Railways
- Medical department
- Industry
- Petrol/Gas
- Transport Department
- Institutions
- District Administration
- RTO
- Agriculture Department
- Veterinary Department
- Education Department
- Civil supply
The present study area is Sadar tehsil of District Allahabad which is surrounded by Ganga and Yamuna river and located between 81°45' to 82°0' latitude and 25°15' to 25°30' longitude (Figure 2). All the Mohalla/Villages considered are highly populated giving high revenues and wealth to district administration and located between two rivers which are frequently affected by river flooding. Five Major flood occurrence happened in Allahabad in the years in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1978 and 1983. Cause of flood in Allahabad is due to rise in level of river water at Tehsil Sadar, Meja, Soraun, Phoolpur, Handia, Karchana, Bara due to Meja Dam water release at Meja Urva, Manda, Koraune blocks of Meja Tehsil and due to heavy rains over low lying areas of nine localities in Allahabad City. Major dams of Allahabad are Baxi Dam, Charchar Nala dam, and Meja Dam.
fig.2 Map of Study Area - Allahabad District
5. METHODOLOGY
The map of Allahabad city is prepared using ArcGIS 9.1. The various stages involved in the preparation of a comprehensive disaster management strategy for Allahabad should include the following:
The disaster management efforts, viz. prevention, reduction, mitigation, relief and rehabilitation require precise maps with spatial data and non-spatial data.
This includes development of an integrated geo-database consisting of various thematic maps, demographic data, socio-economic data and infrastructural facilities at village level under GIS environment.
The various utilities like education facilities, medical facilities, road connectivity, cinema hall, news paper, telephone and telegraph facilities, irrigated and un irrigated area facilities, electricity, etc. and other information from Census 2001 available for the district are represented spatially using GIS.
The Survey of India (SOI) maps are suitably supplemented for information relating to specific and individual disasters as well as for planning of developmental programmes.
The various thematic maps prepared include road network map, water supply network map, fire control office map, urban sprawl map, drainage map and land use map of different of the study area.
6. DEVELOPMENT OF GIS BASED MAPS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Various maps are generated for the analysis in the GIS platform. Some of these maps are flood affected area of Sadar Tehsil, population density distribution in flood prone areas, villages having road connectivity, hospital facility in flood affected areas, and route of relief map (figure 3 to 7).
fig.3 Map showing flood affected areas of study area
fig.4 Map showing population density in flood prone areas of Sadar Tehsil.
fig. 5 Map showing paved and mud road connectivity in villages of flood affected areas.
fig. 6 Map showing hospital facility in flood affected areas.
fig. 7 Route of relief camp.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The results show that 54 villages are surrounded by water when river water reaches upto 84.50 m one can identify the villages which are affected by this danger mark. With the help of GIS based maps the requirement of food, camps, water, and required relief shelter can be decided. District Magistrate can verify the arrangement of relief camp with the help of GIS information. The results show that 33 villages are affected by Ganga river in Sadar Tehsil. The GIS generated map shows that out of 54 villages only 7 villages mud road and 47 villages have paved road. Mud road villages required more attention than paved road. Thus GIS tool can be beneficial for getting all the relevant information at the time of occurrence of the disaster.
REFERENCES
Coppock, J.T. (1995). GIS and natural hazards: an overview from a GIS perspective. In: Carrara, A. and Guzzetti, F., Editors, 1995. Geographical Information Systems in Assessing Natural Hazards vol. 6, Kluwer Academic, Netherlands, pp. 21–34.
CWC, 2006-2007, Central Water Commission Annual Report, New Delhi, India.
Davis, T. J., & Keller, C. P. (1997). Modelling uncertainty in natural resource analysis using fuzzy sets and Monte Carlo Simulations: slope stability prediction. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 11, No. 5, pp. 409-434.
Goodchild, M. F. (1991). Issues of quality and uncertainty. (In J. C. Muller (Ed.), Advances in cartography: Elsevier, (pp. 113–139)).
Handmer, J. (1995). Risk and uncertainty in environmental management. (In T.W. Norton, T. Beer, & S.R. Dovers (Eds.), (pp. 44–62), Canberra: Australian National University).
Newkirk, R. T. (1993). Simulation for risk analysis: a challenge for GIS. In J.D. Sullivan (Ed.), International Emergency Management and Engineering Conference: Tenth Anniversary: Research and Applications; Proceedings of the Simulation Multiconference on the International Emergency Management and Engineering Conference: 62–65.
Rejeski, D. (1993). GIS and risk: a three culture problem. (In: Goodchild, M.F., Parks, B.O. and Steyaert, L.T., Editors, 1993. Environmental Modeling with GIS, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 318–331).
Suresh, M.R., Manjunath, K.V., and Hegde, M.N. (2005). Earthquake hazards, preparedness, mitigation and management issues. Proceedings of the National Conference on Geotechnics in Environmental Protection, 9-10 April: X5-X8.
Vishwas, S.K., Lisa, L.E., and Yehouda E, Victor, R.B. 1994. Geomorphic and hydrologic aspects of monsoon floods on the Narmada and Tapi rivers in Central India. Geomorphology, 10(1-4):157-168.
World Disasters Report (1994) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr/ )
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