| GISdevelopment.net ---> Application ---> Natural Hazard Management |
Mapping of Forest Fire, Floods and Landslide Disaster using Remote Sensing and GIS for Monthly Early Warning System
M. Rokhis Khomarudin, Iskandar Effendy, and Betty Sariwulan
National Institute of Aeronautics and Space Indonesia
Forest fire, floods, and landslide disaster are occur Indonesia every year. In the rainy season, we have floods and landslide disaster and in dry season we have drought and forest fire. This article will make some maps about disaster zone in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java Island monthly. Those maps could be used as monthly early warning system. This cartography aims to mapping of monthly danger area, so that the resident which live in danger area improve them care. This activity use landuse data that processed from Landsat TM data in Sumatra, Kalimantan of Java, rainfall data (30 year average), elevation, and the historical disaster data. Methodology in this activity is using geographical information system and remote sensing technique. Techniques of geographical information system are scoring, spatial analysis, flow accumulation analysis, buffering system, and overlay. Results of these activities are 12 maps for forest fire insecurity, 12 map of floods insecurity and 12 map of landslide insecurity for the Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan Island.
1. Background
Disaster represent an event network or event which is because of nature, human being and or both resulting human being grief victim, good and chattel loss, environmental damage, damage of public facility and also generate trouble to arranging the subsistence and life socialize (Tabrani, 2005). Forest fire, floods, and landslide disaster are occur Indonesia every year. In the rainy season, we have floods and landslide disaster and in dry season we have drought and forest fire. KEPMEN Republic of Indonesia No.131 year 2003 about guidance of disaster management. There are three conceptions to manage a disaster. Before, in the Time, and after disaster. In this activity represent phase activity of before happened the disaster that is mapping of disaster insecurity and early warning systems. LAPAN represent one of government institution which is in structure BAKORNAS represent one of institute staying in before disaster coordination (Figure 1).
In early warning system, forest fire, floods and landslide map describe areas which have the potency of disaster danger. Potential map of disaster could in the monthly map and we could know which month there is potency of disaster. To make a potential map of danger require joining between atmosphere condition and the land condition. Land conditions which can be used are landuse/cover map, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and rainfall map of the other supporting. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used also to count ramp and stream which can be used to know flood and landslide danger area.
According to JICA (2000), forest fire is fire circumstance in the forest which so that result forest damage, product of forest, and generate economic loss, ecological, and the social. Forest fire coming from three root cause that is because human being intention, because negligence, and the experienced factor. According to Rusdiyanto (2000), 90% cause of forest fire in Indonesia [is] because of human being in intend, for example opening of land for the plantation, shifting cultivation and the transmigration settlement. Second factor is because negligence of human being for example, mountaineers forget to kill bonfire or neglect to throw away stub. Experienced factor is peat and petrify embers of flammable at dry season. Experienced factor represent factor of fire spread more extend. For example is occurrences of forest fire in non peat are on beginning dry season will no more spreading than forest fire occurrences in peat on the middle dry season.
Landslide and floods represent occurrences which each other are related one with other. Rains which descend continuously in an area will cause river and also land incapable of detaining water, so that overflowing irrigate. Difference between landslide and floods is place of the happening. A flood is generally happened in low area and landslide at high area with labile land condition and the high slope of land (Haryani, 2002). Landslide or floods danger area is the area that easy to or have tendency to be occur over the disaster. Analyze both can be done with analysis geomorphology to explain how potential area landform of floods and landslide danger area.
This activity is mapping of potential danger area of disaster with remote sensing and GIS technique. Techniques of geographical information system are scoring, spatial analysis, flow accumulation analysis, buffering system, and overlay.
Figure 1. BAKORNAS coordination for Disaster Management
2. Objective
The objective of this research are make a monthly map of forest fire, floods, and landslide disaster area, so that the early warning system applicable to monthly.
3. Methodology
Input parameter:
| No. | Parameter | Used for |
| 1. | Landuse (LANDSAT TM) | Forest fire, floods, and landslide |
| 2. | DEM | Floods and landslide |
| 3. | Flow Accumulations Map | Floods and landslide |
| 4. | Slope Map | Landslide |
| 5. | Monthly Rainfall Map | Forest fire, floods, and landslide |
Method:
Geographical Information System method are giving standing and weight assess and overlying parameters.
Tables 2 and Tables of 3 representing Wight of every input element parameter in Forest Fire Danger Area Potency cartography, Floods, and Slide.
| Parameter | Classes | Wight |
| Landuse | Mangrove, fish pond, settlement, bare land, rural, Industry, water body | 1 |
| Paddy field | 2 | |
| Plantation, Scrubs, dry field | 3 | |
| Dry Forest | 4 | |
| Rainfall – Sumatra | < 122 mm/month | 4 |
| 112-178 mm/month | 3 | |
| 178-291 mm/month | 2 | |
| > 291 mm/month | 1 | |
| Rainfall- Kalimantan | < 142 mm/month | 4 |
| 142-184 mm/month | 3 | |
| 184-268 mm/month | 2 | |
| > 268 mm/month | 1 | |
| Rainfall – Java | < 53 mm/month | 4 |
| 53-127 mm/month | 3 | |
| 127-277 mm/month | 2 | |
| > 277 mm/month | 1 |
| Parameter | Classes | Wight |
| Landuse | Mangrove, fish pond, settlement, bare land, rural, Industry, swamp, water body | 4 |
| Paddy field | 3 | |
| Plantation, Scrubs, dry field | 2 | |
| Forest | 1 | |
| Rainfall – Sumatra | < 122 mm/month | 1 |
| 112-178 mm/month | 2 | |
| 178-291 mm/month | 3 | |
| > 291 mm/month | 4 | |
| Rainfall- Kalimantan | < 142 mm/month | 1 |
| 142-184 mm/month | 2 | |
| 184-268 mm/month | 3 | |
| > 268 mm/month | 4 | |
| Rainfall – Java | < 53 mm/month | 1 |
| 53-127 mm/month | 2 | |
| 127-277 mm/month | 3 | |
| > 277 mm/month | 4 | |
| Elevation (Floods) | 0-200 m | 4 |
| 200-500 m | 3 | |
| 500-1000 m | 2 | |
| > 1000 m | 1 | |
| Flow Accumulation | > 50 | 4 |
| 25-50 | 3 | |
| 10-25 | 2 | |
| 0-10 | 1 | |
| Slope (landslide) | > 20 | 4 |
| 10-20 | 3 | |
| 3-10 | 2 | |
| < 3 | 1 | |
| Elevation (Landslide) | 0-200 m | 1 |
| > 200 m | 4 |
Formula to calculate:
| Category | Formula |
| Forest Fire | A x B |
| Floods | (0.5 A + 0.3 C + 0.2D) x B |
| Landslide | (0.2A + 0.2C + 0.2 D + 0.4 E) x B |
Explanation:
A = Wight of Landuse
B = Wight of Rainfall
C = Wight of Elevation
D = Wight of Flow Accumulation
E = Wight of Slope
Class of Wight
0-4 : Low
4-8 : Moderate
8-12 : High
12-16 : Extreme
4. Result and Discussion
Result of this activity are 12 forest fire danger maps, 12 floods danger maps, and 12 landslide danger maps for the Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. Following are analysis monthly forest fire danger maps, floods danger maps, and landslide danger maps for Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan.
Forest Fire
In general, danger warning of forest fire in Java, Kalimantan and Sumatra became on the June till September. But result of this activity indicates that at certain month and the certain area have high level dangers of forest fire. Table 4 is province has high and extreme level of forest fire by month
| No. | Month | Province |
| 1. | January | Aceh, North Sumatra, West Kalimantan |
| 2. | February | Aceh, North Sumatra, Riau, West Kalimantan |
| 3. | March | Aceh, North Sumatra, West Kalimantan |
| 4. | April | Aceh, North Sumatra, West Kalimantan |
| 5. | May | Aceh, North Sumatra, Lampung, West Java, East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan |
| 6. | June | All Province in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan |
| 7. | July | All Province in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan |
| 8. | August | All Province in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan |
| 9. | September | All Province in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan |
| 10. | October | Lampung, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Central Java, and West Java |
| 11. | November | South Kalimantan |
| 12 | December | No |
Figure 2 and Figure 3 sample maps of forest fire insecurity on January and August.
Floods and Landslide Danger Area
In general, danger warning of floods and landslide Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan became on October till April. But result of this activity indicates that at certain month and the certain area have high level dangers of floods and landslide. Tables 5 is Province has high and extreme level of floods and landslide by month
| No. | Month | Province |
| 1. | January | All provinces in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan |
| 2. | February | All provinces in Java, South of Sumatra and south of Kalimantan |
| 3. | March | All provinces in Java, South of Sumatra and south of Kalimantan |
| 4. | April | All provinces in Java, South of Sumatra and south of Kalimantan |
| 5. | May | All provinces in South of Java, South of Sumatra and south of Kalimantan |
| 6. | June | West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan |
| 7. | July | West Kalimantan |
| 8. | August | Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, and West Kalimantan |
| 9. | September | Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, and West Kalimantan , West Java , and South of Central Java |
| 10. | October | All provinces in Java, South of Sumatra and south of Kalimantan |
| 11. | November | All provinces in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan |
| 12 | December | All provinces in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan |
Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7 sample maps of floods and landslide insecurity on January and August.
5. Conclusion.
Result of this activity are 12 forest fire danger maps, 12 floods danger maps, and 12 landslide danger maps for the Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. Danger warning of forest fire in Sumatra and Kalimantan became on June till September. But result of this activity indicates that at certain month and the certain area have high level dangers of forest fire. And danger warning of floods and landslide Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan became October till April. But result of this activity indicates that at certain month and the certain area have high level dangers of floods and landslide. Expectation of those maps could describe some potential forest fire danger, floods, and landslide in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan.
Figure 2. Potential maps of forest fire danger on January
Figure 3. Potential maps of forest fire danger on August
Figure 4. Potential maps of floods danger on January
Figure 5. Potential maps of floods danger on August
Figure 6. Potential maps of landslide danger on January
Figure 7. Potential maps of landslide danger on August