Map Malaysia 2009
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On Integrating of Multi-Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
 Habib Subagio Geomatics Research Division National Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping of Indonesia Indonesia habibsubagio@yahoo.com Fahmi Amhar Geomatics Research Division National Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping of Indonesia Indonesia famhar@yahoo.com Abstract Mapping has been a great issue to take parts in disaster management in Indonesia in the last decade. To date, however, there is no standard methodology applied by institutions or agencies who are responsible for providing such information related to any disaster, including the local governments. On the other hand, there is a regulation about disaster management by the Indonesian Government stating that local governments are responsible for providing maps for disaster management related to their region. In fact, most of the spatial information related to disasters are provided by institutions or agencies at national level. Therefore, there is a need for integrating of those information and building standard methodology that can be applied in Indonesia. This paper describes an early study in integrating spatial information related to disasters in Indonesia. This includes developing simple national disaster report using GIS, compiling all information for the Web-GIS, and taking part in the National Spatial Data Infrastructure. Introduction In 2007, the Government of Indonesia has announced the Act No. 24/2007 about the management of natural hazards and disasters. It is expected that the new regulation can support the natural hazard mitigation schemes as part of development planning both at national and regional levels. As mentioned in this act local government (province or regency governments) is responsible for natural hazard mapping. Intensive coordination is needed among agencies like National Agency for Disaster Management, Geological Disaster Mitigation and Vulcanology Agency, Geophysics Climatology and Meteorological Agency, Ministry for Public Work, Ministry for Social Affair, NGO’s, and academic communities to produce some methodological concepts related to natural hazard mapping for technical documentation for the local governments as an operational regulation derived from this act. Geographically, Indonesia that is located in the juncture of four tectonic plates is part of the ‘ring of fire’ that has made this region having complex geological hazards such as earthquake, tsunami, and volcanic eruption. Besides, two oceans wedging this country, that are Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, may interacts two global climatology phenomena, called El Nino and La Nina that impacted on some hydro-meteorological hazards like drought, forest fire, flood, and land slide. The objective of this research is to investigate the geospatial data in Indonesia related to some aspects of natural hazards mapping both of national or local scale conducted by the government of Indonesia. This study also describes the role of each national institution to support natural hazard mitigation, spatial data distribution, and spatial metadata used in natural hazard mapping. Until nowadays, the government does not have the standard methodology for natural hazards mapping. There have been found differences and variations for spatial data including scale, datum, as well as the base map used by those institutions. On the other hand, some local governments have done or still doing the natural hazard mapping projects although they did not follow any specific standard. Disaster Mapping Disaster Management was focused on relief, rescue, rehabilitation and recovery. There is now a shift to a new disaster management paradigm that stresses on prevention, mitigation and preparedness, while strengthening its emergency response (rescue, relief, rehabilitation and recovery). The new cyclic paradigm has six phases covering the pre-disaster and post-disaster activities. The former includes prevention, preparedness and mitigation, while the latter consists of emergency response (rescue & relief), rehabilitation and recovery (reconstruction) (Fig. 1).  Refer to figure 1, maps related with disaster maps must be available on each step in disaster management cycle. Maps of disaster covered in pre-during-and post disaster. Phase of pre disaster which consist of preparedness and prediction, the map could be represents some kind of physical aspects and social aspects. Maps of physical aspect are contains of; administration until village boundary, detailed land cover/land use, road and river/stream network, infrastructures (telecommunication, electricity, bridge, industrial areas, warehouse, etc), distribution of settlements, health infrastructure as well as hospital distribution and some aspects as well as represent on topographic map with large scale accuration. In the other hand, map of social aspects must be assisted in this phase due to as part of disaster mitigation like as; map of population distribution by age or gender, map of high risk population, population density, and other social data’s considering for hazard mitigation. On the phase of emergency response, data from a variety of sources was needed. The appropriate data has to be gathered, organized, and displayed logically to determine the size and scope of emergency response programs. During an actual emergency, it is critical to have the right data, at the right time, and displayed logically; to respond and take appropriate action. Emergencies can impact a number of government departments. Emergency personnel often need detailed information concerning roads, pipelines, building layout, electrical distribution, sewer systems, logistic warehouse, and so forth. By utilizing a GIS, all departments can share information through databases on computer-generated maps in one location. Without this capability, emergency workers must gain access to a number of department managers, their unique maps, and their unique data. Most emergencies do not allow time to gather these resources. This results in emergency responders having to guess, estimate, or make decisions without adequate information. GIS provides a mechanism to centralize and visually display critical information during an emergency. Post disaster recovery phase includes rehabilitation and reconstruction. This is an ongoing process to restore the vital life-support systems and to rebuild the entire community. GIS could be utilized in spatial planning incorporating the lessons learnt in the event of the disaster. It includes planning critical infrastructure such as water, electricity, communication, housing, livelihood, social security, transport, agriculture and monitoring and evaluating the progress of the recovery activities. GIS is also suited to respond during disasters. With its capability to analyse real time satellite imagery a rapid damage assessment is done in the immediate aftermath. Prioritising areas for search and rescue, rubble and debris removal, delivery of relief supplies, prioritizing actions such as areas to be evacuated, identifying roads blocked with debris or damaged, route planning for emergency supplies entering the disaster site, route planning for evacuation and medical emergencies exiting the disaster site, identifying locations and availability of people, equipment, supplies, shelters, logistics and other resources necessary to manage the disaster response and recovery are some of other areas that could utilize GIS effectively. A new paradigm of disaster management policy is prevention and mitigation embrace of three steps in disaster management cylce. GIS is a powerful tool that can support decision making in all phases. Some spatial data which build by spatial analysis and modelling relate to disaster are an important information for many action in disaster management, began from early warning until to social campaign for community awareness. GIS in this phase could be prepare of some essential data like as; scientific hazard analysis, hazard map, vulnerability map, risk map, and other scenarios and modelling of disaster depend of disaster types including evacuation scenarios and risk assessment. Disaster Map Producers in Indonesia There are some organization are created and utilized of disaster maps for their own of specific purposes. The first leading is Volcanology and Geologycal Hazard Mitigation Agency (BVMBG) which under of Department of Mineral Resources and Energy due to many disasters in Indonesia related to geologycal phenomena both of textonic and volcanic process. This agency produced disaster maps both on national and local (province) scale, but not yet completely for local scale. Domain contents of these maps in national scale are;
 Secondly, Department of Public Works by means of Directorate General of Water Resources developed disaster map related with flood and flash flood event. This product also produced in two scale formats there are national and local scale. At the national scale, map of flood hazard area representing the distribution of flood event recorded in Indonesia including of date, time, and number of victims database. At local scale, disaster map of flood hazard areas developed using GIS analysis involving some parameters/layers representing by thematic map like as; slope map, land form map, inundation map, land cover, rainfall, and other. Actually, it just two government organizations above which responsible to official published disaster maps in Indonesia, but many activities related with disaster mapping still on going in many organization as well as university to prepare for scientific aspects due to hazard mapping analysis, some collaboration between inter governments both center and local level, non governments organization, many programs from international donor under coordination by BNPB (National Agency for Disaster Management) to developed some methods which could be operationally to make disaster maps in whole disaster cycle. GIS has been used extensively in India specifically in natural hazards, risks, vulnerabilities and disaster research. In the middle of 2006 was declared cooperation four government institutions there are; National Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping (BAKOSURTANAL), Department of Public Works (PU), Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (ESDM), and Geophysics and Meteorology Agency (BMG). The scope of this project was build disaster map on national and local scale especially focused on flood and mass movement disaster with the same used of based (topographic) map which prepared by BAKOSURTANAL then disaster spatial data supported by ESDM for mass movement disaster, PU supported for flood hazard data, while BMG giving for next 2 months rainfall prediction. The actual output from this collaboration are disaster maps (flood and mass movement) overlaying with rainfall prediction for 2 next months both on national or local level divide by provincial or regency administration boundary. The important thing from this project is spatial disaster data with the same based map and same map parameters as well as standard datum and reference of map projection. These parameters are very essential information for building metadata supporting to National Spatial Data Infrastructure especially in natural disaster sector. The other disaster map produced from this project is map of multi hazard divided by provincial or regency scale. This map represented of combining between flood hazard area and mass movement (landslides) hazard area wich published on national hazard data catalogue in BAKOSURTANAL website (www.bakosurtanal.go.id/multihazard/).   Integrating System on National Disaster Mapping The key to an effective GIS based disaster risk management system is a free flowing interchange of data between organizations. There is an urgent need to compile and collate time series large scale spatial and non-spatial data at a country wide level to know risks better and to do something about it. The National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) is a proactive move towards this direction. Without implementing of NSDI, the integration of disaster data management could not be online system to supporting in disaster mitigation. In addition to condition as describes above, there just only few officially of disaster maps in Indonesia, beside that these maps also could not be purposed optimally due to these products has not been online system indeed based on WEB GIS platform. WEB GIS purposed for disaster management which consist of many disaster maps included in each disaster management will be helpful for widely actors in disaster cycle as well as preparedness phase, response and relief phase, rehabilitation and reconstruction phase. Some action to implementing WEB GIS has been done for disaster event in Indonesia like as earthquake in Yogyakarta in 2006 by local government which supported by via Faculty Geodesy and Geography Gadjah Mada University. Nowadays, WEB GIS also created in Indonesia for many purposed and sector there are; banking system, transportation, business, local government for advertising of spatial resources, tourism, and other. Regarding to disaster management, Geomatics Research Division as a part of National Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping was developed WEB GIS focused on compiling any disaster maps for various government agency which responsible to disaster mapping in Indonesia. The goal of this research is prepared WEB GIS System using Map Server as open source application connected to other databases system with PostgreSQL to accommodated reporting or information flow source by local government who has responsibility for natural disaster in the field. The target user of this system in BNPB which national coordinating agency for disaster management when using this system they can be fast action in each disaster event like as rapid analysis for accessibility to disaster area, logistic planning to victims, and other relief actions. Beside of WEB GIS, this system also contain of disaster reporting form with some limitation due to important thing of disaster information must be official standard. The key components of disaster information are;
 This system also combining of disaster report which managed by database system linked with spatial data in WEB GIS, so it would be very fully operated by disaster management center to decision maker for disaster action using visual analyzing in WEB GIS by overlays some layer into disaster area. Conclusion GIS is an effective tool that is relevant in all phases of disaster management cycle and it helps represent reality in a way that can be interpreted by different people to suit their own purpose by implementing on WEB GIS platform that can be accessed for widely societies and actors who has responsible or want to be participate in all disaster management. Using open source application for WEB GIS with can connected to any databases system is very helpful in disaster relief process through well coordination between disaster management center and many persons in the field. WEB GIS application for disaster management can play role spatial management starting from pre disaster until post disaster phases. Reference
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