Understanding groundwater resources in Margajo Watershed, Koderma, Jharkhand - GWIS and GIS approach


Ground Water Information System (GWIS)
An understanding of the hydrogeologic conditions of an aquifer system is necessary for the conceptualization the planning and development of groundwater. The developed GWIS may be used for reconnaissance studies prior to taking up any detail field investigations, data interpretation after field programs and predictive studies. GWIS have comprehensive data structures that allow for the utilization of various types of data describing hydro-geologic parameters of aquifer system. It describes temporal variability of point location data as well spatial variation within the domain. GWIS covers the relevant hydro-geologic parameters. The System has provision to design the layout in own suitable manner. It has ability to create, store, analyze, and present relational data.

The following parameters have been taken into consideration for establishment of GWIS using GWW software package.
  • Location parameters for wells, sampling points, springs etc. (Well identification code, SOI code, owner, use of well, village, block and district name, X and Y coordinates, Ground surface elevation, regional belonging (basin/ watershed), geology, aquifer types, types of well )
  • Water Level Data : new observation wells, observation wells of CGWB and SGWB
  • Lithology, Stratigraphy
  • Hydro-geological and Hydro-geophysical Parameters [aquifer characteristics, depth and thickness of aquifer, effective porosity (approximated), aquifer resistivity]. Transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity and leakage coefficient of aquifer has not been included due to non-availability of sufficient data.
The data structure files for inputting the raw data has been given Table -2.1 to 2.5









The following are the data retrievals and presentations using the database and information system created with the GWW software
  • Location maps showing points ( observation well, vertical electrical sounding sites, surface elevation, basement depth observation location), lines and areas ( watershed boundary )
  • Various contours maps ( surface elevation, depth of basement, water level, aquifer resistivity )
  • Lithological cross-sections ( in present study it is electrical log )
  • Fence diagrams showings the lithology, stratigraphy and water levels or heads
The available database contains information about water table of more than 75 sites, vertical electrical sounding response of 50 sites, 10 years meteorological data, data of hydro-graphs station mentioned by Central Ground Water Board and State Ground Water Board. The groundwater related data collected and generated in GRAM++ has been also re-arranged in the GWW domain. The data import to GWW is simple and it imports data in asccii format. In the study area authentic bore litholog data was not available where as interactive display of well log, cross-section and fence diagram is one of important facilities available in GWW. In the present study, the electrical log obtained through interpretation of VES response from individual sites have been converted into litho-log/ section and it has been inputted in GWIS as pseudo litho-log.

In the entire database, well identification number (ID) is unique number through which data on different geo-hydrological parameters can retrieve and analyzed in specific application module available within the GWIS. The single GWIS data file of Margajo watershed, Koderma, Jharkhand has been internally structured as Master Data, Chemistry, Chemistry, HGWL, Hydrographs, and Welllog. From database in GWW application like display of Master Data (Fig. 2.1), Chemistry (Fig. 2.2), Hydrographs (Fig. 2.3), Mapping (Fig. 2.4), Well Log (Fig. 2.5), Cross Section (Fig. 2.6) and Fence Diagrams (Fig. 2.7) can be performed in users defined format. The details of information available in GWIS is given below



Master data: Master data of 125 sites contains well identification, X, Y, Z, ZM, name, watershed, district, block, geology, aquifer type, water table, basement depth, aquifer resistivity.

Map: Location of water table observation sites and VES sites, Topographic map, basement depth map, iso-resistivity map, water table contour map.

Lithology and Construction: well, X, Y, Z, ZM, vertical scale, horizontal scale, and lithology, drill hole.

Water Level Data: Well identification number, date of observation (yy/mm/dd), Level

The present GWIS does not support 3-D display of contours. Further, analysis between two spatial themes is also not possible within the GWIS. For this purpose GIS has been used to derive the village wise information from different thematic maps. At present GRAM++ and GWW is not interfaced.

Conclusion
The Geographic Information System (GIS) and Ground Water for Window (GWW) has helped in creating interactive ground water information system. The scattered non-standard data on different parameters available with different user agencies have been well arranged in retrievable format in GWW. Now the GWIS of Upper Barakar basin is providing arranged and structured database. The created information system in GIS and GWW may be used to the standard ground water modeling package. However due to lack of interface between GIS package and GWW, the data related to other natural resources can not be actively linked together. There is further scope for development of interface between GIS (in present case GRAM++).

At present there is no common platform for creation of GWIS in the country. The apporach adopted in the creation of GWIS for Maragajo watershed may be used in the other parts of Country. GIS and GWIS of Upper Maragajo watershed has provided opportunity to understand groundwater parameters in integrated manner.

Acknowlegement
Authors are thankful to Prof. (Dr.) Amitabh Ghosh, Director, Bihar Remote Sensing Application Center, Patna for giving constant encouragement for research work. Authors are thankful to Deptt of Science and Technology, Govt. of India for providing financial assistance to the project and arranging training in GIS based Ground Water Modeling under NRDMS-UNDP programme. Authors are also thankful to Dr. Jasminko Karanjac for providing training and GWW software.

References
  • BCST/DST (1999). Aquifer Geometry analysis and Natural Resources Management in GIS Environment, Upper Barakar Basin, Koderma, Bihar, Unpublished report of BCST, Patna
  • Bhattacharya B. B., ( 1990 ). Hydrogeological and Ground Water Resources of Hazaribagh, District, Bihar, Unpublished Report of Central Ground Water Board, Patna.
  • Braticevic Dusan and Karanjac Jasminko (1997). Ground Water for Windows (ver. 1.31) software and manual, Department for Development Support and Management Services, United Nation.
  • DST - CSRE (2000). GRAM++ Window based GIS Package, Deptt of Science & Technology, New Delhi.
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