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Delineation of Village House Structures, Amenities & other Land use Features using Digital Image Processing (DIP) of QuickBird Imagery of Chharora Village in Mewat District of Haryana (India)
Subhan Khan and G.S.Gill National Institute of Science, Technology & Development Studies (NISTADS), CSIR, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Gate, New Delhi – 110 012 Emails: subhankhan1@yahoo.com and gurpreet.gill@satpalda.com
1. Introduction
The delineation of all buildings, paths/roads and other land use features within the Lal Dora of a village for which the planners usually rely on conventional methods of mapping is now possible with the advent of high resolution satellite data, like QuickBird imagery, which has world’s highest spatial resolution i.e. 61 cm at present. In the present study each and every house structure and village amenities such as schools, religious places, chaupals, telephone booths, hospital/dispensaries, NGOs office, and water supply sources like hand pumps, wells as well as water pipe line, irrespective of their conditions were delineated using the QuickBird imagery for village Chharora in Mewat district of Haryana. These features were studied through digital image processing with adequate ground truths and results are first time documented in this paper. It was found that now it is possible with the use of high resolution Satellite Imagery having spatial resolution of less than 1 meter to map each and every village house structure and other land use feature, which was otherwise not possible even with other Satellite Imageries having more than one meter spatial resolution. Further, in conventional surveying methods it was not possible to arrange all information on a single platform. The high-resolution satellite imagery also enabled to arrange and store the attributes data linked with digital image on single platform. This facilitates the entire data to be in GIS domain and thus making it possible for overlaying, querying, retrieving and analyzing, etc any information of the area of interest. The present paper is based on the original field data collected under a joint research project carried out by the NISTADS (CSIR), New Delhi and MDS, Chharora (Mewat), Haryana. The main content of the paper is described below: 2. Location of the Study Area: The Chharora village in Mewat district of Haryana (India) is located between latitude 28º 9’ 36” to 28º 10’ 48” north and longitude 76º 57’ 00’’ to 76º 58’ 48” east. The location of the village may be traced in Survey of India (SOI) toposheet no. 53 D/16 on 1:50,000 scale and 53 D/16/NE on 1: 25, 000 scale. 3. Methodology and Software Used: In recent times the Remote Sensing and GIS tools are utilized as an important tool for applying demographic and related statistics for the analysis and planning of socio – economic development. The use of GIS in creating a tabular database and linking it with a geographic, database and converting the data into spatial form, which maps can be generated, proves the advantage and usefulness of GIS in these kinds of studies. The steps that have been incorporated are:
Other Data Used: Primary Survey had collected non-attribute data on Socio-Economic parameters and social and physical infrastructure from village 4.Why High Resolution Satellite Data Needed? For village developmental planning, the combination of multispectral data for classification and high-resolution panchromatic data enables automated feature extraction of all type of constructions/ house structures, roads, pathways, streets, village amenities and facilities, sprawl and change detection, monitoring growth, and illegal construction detection other land use features. Imagery in 8-bit formats has limited use in village situations like of Chharora village due to various reasons. On other hand, the high-resolution satellites like QuickBird and IKONOS have 11-bit formats for full dynamic range. In these satellites, the Dynamic Range Adjust (DRA) options, which help, modifies grayscale values to enhance visual interpretability, thus by selecting DRA off facilitate absolute radiometric accuracy. 5.Which was the First High Resolution Satellite? In 1999, when the satellite IKONOS, means ‘image’ in Greek, successfully launched, it became first commercial satellite in the world to collect 1-meter panchromatic (black-and-white) images and 4-meter resolution multispectral imagery. Its standard products include 1-meter black-and-white, 4-meter multispectral (all bands), 1-meter color (true color, false color, or 4-band), and a 1-meter and 4-meter data bundled. IKONOS image data is available for any location on the earth’s surface in easy to use 8-bit or full dynamic range 11-bit format Space Imaging company (presently known as GeoEye, after merging of ORBIMAGE and Space Imaging) provided its products, which has set the standards for quickly delivering of tonally balanced data, as well as mosaiced images for various applications. 6. Why QuickBird Imagery for Chharora Used? As on date the QuickBird satellite, which was launched on 18 October 2001 by Boeing Delta II from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, has the largest swath width as well as largest on-board storage, and provides highest resolution commercially available satellite imagery to the public. It has 61 cm resolution, which is even superior to IKONOS. Therefore, only QuickBird satellite data was chosen for the current exercise. The Digital Globe provides to its customers a variety of options for accurate and timely availability of QuickBird satellite products which are mainly available in three type of file formats i.e. (i) Geo TIFF 1.0 (ii) NITF 2.0 and (iii) NITF 2.1. The QuickBird data is available at three levels of processing for delivery in a map projection. These are (i) geometrically raw imagery which is a basic imagery with the least amount of processing and required by those customers that desire to process the imagery themselves into a useable form, (ii) standard imagery with radiometric and geometric correction and delivered in a map projection, and (iii) Orthorectified imagery with radiometric, geometric, and topographic correction. Further, five product options are also available from Digital Globe in addition to these three processing levels. These are: (i) panchromatic products i.e. black & white products which enable superior visual analysis, (ii) products cover the visible and near-infrared wavelengths for multispectral analysis, (iii) black & white and multispectral products named as bundled products, (iv) colored products i.e. 3-band natural color or color infrared products that combine the visual information of three multispectral bands with the spatial information of the panchromatic band, and (v) Pan-sharpened i.e. 4-band products that combines the visual information of all four multispectral bands with the spatial information of the panchromatic band. Thus QuickBird Satellite products are available to customers in industry standard image formats and media format in several processing and accuracy levels to suit customers’ needs either by tasking to collect fresh data or obtain from previously collected images. The QuickBird product may be obtained either from library or by tasking a fresh data order, for a scene based or area based polygon, which may contain a minimum of 4 vertices and a maximum of 1,000 vertices, consisting on the WGS84 ellipsoid the longitude/latitude (decimal degrees) geographic coordinates. The minimum and maximum size for an order polygon depends on the order type and the product selected The metadata is also available with QuickBird imagery products that provides all the information required by the users to analyze and process the imagery as per given specifications. Similarly, a tile map file (.til) is available with every product to help place the tiles in product coordinates. 7..Findings: Using digital image processing (DIP) on QuickBird imagery which covers Chharora village following thematic maps of Village Chharora, district Mewat in Haryana were prepared: The first map indicate the location of the village and surroundings in a geo referenced Image which is given as map Map1..  The Map 2 below depict all constructions and building structures like House structures including all houses used for different purposes like used as residences, used for animals, used for fodder storage, used as a store, used as a shop, used as work place by artisans such as carpenters, potters, leather workers etc., used as benglaa/ bethek (a common place which is generally used by men folk including outside guests for sitting, hookah gossip, informal and formal meetings, sleeping etc.) of Chharora Village :  The Map 3 below depict all village amenities/facilities like Chaupals, Schools, Masjids, and Madrasas, NGO Office, ANM Office, Anganwadi, Piped Water Supply Tube wells Operating Sheds, Drinking Water Wells, Hand Pumps, Submersible Pumps etc. of Chharora Village Map  The Map 4 below depict all line features like Approach Roads, Pathways, Streets (Cemented, made up of Bricks, Kachhi streets), etc. of Chharora Village:  The Map 5 below depict Land use Map showing all type of Constructions/ Buildings/Structures, all kind of Roads/Pathways/Streets, Water sources, NGO office, Chaupal, Masjid, School, Ghair, Open plots, etc. of Chharora Village  Acknowledgement: Authors are thankfully acknowledged the generous assistance and cooperation extended by Sh Swaran Jaggi , Shri Khushpal Dahiya and Ajay Sheopuri In the paper.
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