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Abstract :
Mandya city is an administrative head quarter of Mandya District in Karnataka state. The city consists of 35 wards with an area of 1991.98 acres (according 1971 SOI map) and has a population of 131,179 according to 2001 Census Report. Mandya City is located in South Central part of Mandya district. It extends from 76° 31' to 76° 32' 0" East Longitude and 12° 31' to 12° 32' 0" North Latitude. Hebba Hall (Stream) flows towards northeast direction and forms its northeast boundary for the city. The city is well-connected with roads and railway lines and also urbanized with good infrastructure facilities. The main purposes of the research paper are to create boundaries, roads, railway lines of Mandya city with the help of GPS; to understand temporal expansion of the city during the study period i.e. from 1971 to 2005; to generate up-to-date information of the city’s physical growth. Mandya city’s roads, railway lines, drainage network and city boundaries are mapped using remote sensing IRS ID large scale satellite imagery. Toposheet by SOI is also used to map the city using GPS. ERDAS Image Processing Software is used to register, create layers and image classification for the city. The GPS Survey study reveals that the rate of physical expansion of the city was not the same in all the decades, it was fluctuating. Maximum increase can be seen in 2005 of three decades i.e. during 1971-1981, 1881-1991 and 1991-2005. The city is not expanding more mainly because it has well agricultural irrigated area around it. The city’s growth is also checked by Bangalore and Mysore cities directly are indirectly, which are located nearby to Mandya city. Hence, its physical expansion is restricted to only limited areas.
Introduction
The urban centers prolong on land and it is the land that puts up the major part of the entire environment. Any environmentally well-matched town planning must start up with a comprehensive look on the make use of land. Consequently, there is a great need of detailed data and information to planners about the extent, coverage and spatial distribution of diverse urban land uses, housing distinctiveness, growth patterns, population, urban sprawl, infrastructure availability, utilities, urban fringe, etc. The rapid and random expansions of cities are a typical phenomenon of urban landscape in India. The expansions of the cities within and beyond their limits are sadly remained a neglected area in urban research. There is no definite boundaries where urban area ends and rural area starts. The cities spread out within the jurisdictions of panchayats, which have neither financial resources nor technical expertise to plan and solve the problems of growing cities out of their limit. The urban authorities also ignore to manage the rapidly developing urban areas. Cities growths are not planned, monitored and mapped correctly using recent techniques. Hence, there is need to map all the cities systematically to detect changes that have occurred within and around built-up areas.
Current Needs in Urban Areas
Urban areas are said to be nodal centers for diffusing education, health-care, administration, technology, recreation, goods and services and employment opportunities to surrounding hinterlands. Travelers, businessmen, etc. need data / information regarding the cities. In many cities, few local governments have a city map that cover roads, blocks, boundaries and location of few important places like hospital, bus-stand, post-office, bank, etc. Maps of many cities are outdated and have no complete information of roads, boundaries and physical expansion. Thus, they do not show what has happened over the last five or ten years. There is need to update map of cities showing physical expansion as often as possible so as to monitor the rapid development that takes place within their jurisdiction and beyond. Hence, Mandya city has been taken a piece of research paper out of a see of urban field to create database / information using GPS to make better planning and decision making.
Main objectives
Fig: 1. Location of the Study Area
Location of Study Area and Materials
The study area selected as Mandya city, which is positioned in the centre belt of the Southern sector of the Karnataka state. It is an administrative head quarter of Mandya District. Physiographically it has been classified as southern Maidan region of the state. It extends from 76o 31' 0’’ to 76o 32' 0'' East longitude and 12o 31' 0'' and 12o 32' 0'' North latitude. The city consists of 35 wards with an area of 1991.98 acres (according to 1971 SOI map) and has a population of 131,179 according to 2001 Census Report. The city is well connected with roads and railway-line and urbanized as well. The materials used were IRS 1D of 2002, Topographic Map of 1971 with scale 1: 50 000, and 1981 with scale 1:25 000.
Methodology
Remote sensing data are capable of detecting and measuring a variety of elements relating to the morphology of cities, such as the amount, shape, density, textural form and spread of urban areas. In the present study, IRS 1D imagery of 2000 and 1971, 1981 toposheets were Geo-corrected. Mandya city’s boundaries, roads, railway-line were digitized layer by layer with using ERDAS Imagine 8.7 and ArcGIS 9.0 software so as to get position of objects in Mandya city. We navigated along the roads, railway-line, and city boundaries using GPS so as to get latest positions. All the maps were overlapped to know the physical expansion of the city during 1971-2005.
Physical Expansion of Mandya City (1971-2005)
In 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 we have mapped the city expansion using topomaps and IRS 1D merged imageries. However, in 2005 GPS has been used to get coordinates and positions of the roads, railway-line, water-bodies, city boundaries and streets of Mandya city. The study reveals that the rate of physical expansion of Mandya city was not the same in all the decades, it was fluctuating. Maximum extension of the city was noticed during 1971-1981 and minimum growth was during 1981-1991.
Fig: 2. Physical Expansion of the City (1971-2005)
In 1971, the urban area of Mandya city was only 1497.60 acres with a population of 72132 and the total length of the city boundary was 14. 5 km. During 1971-81 the population increased to 100286 (39.03%) at the same time physical expansion of the city showed a speedy increase with 2428 (62.12%) acres. At the same stage the total length of the boundary increased from 14.5 km to 19.61.
For the period of 1981-1991 population of the city went up to 120265 (19.92%) and the area also widened along with the increase of the population, the total city area was 2829.88 (16.55%) acres and length of the city boundary was 20.51 km. For the duration of 1991-2001, the population as well as city areas experienced slight increased with 31179 (9.07%) and 3564.71(25.94%) acres respectively. The city boundary was 21.71 km during the period.
During 2001-2005 again the city showed a marginal growth of population as well as area. The area is 4470.36 (25.40%) and the population is 135650 (3.40%) and length of the boundary increased to 23.62 km. Finally, all the maps are overlaid to know the decade-wise physical expansion of the Mandya city during 1971-2005.
Results & Discussions
Average urban development and increasing land use changes due to changing population and economic growth in Mandya city’s landscape is being witnessed of late. Forest cover and rural agricultural land is being converted into urban purposes in all around the city. Since Mandya has shown a typical urbanization, industrialization and improvement in information technology sector there is an increasing pressure on land, water and environment.
Planners need the whole data and information of a map and information related to these aspects for perspective planning and management at the edge of Mandya city. Hence, there is need to create an information system of Mandya city to retrieve, integrate and create various planning scenarios for decision making. The Global Positioning System (GPS), Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are appropriate tools for creating such type of information system.
There is a demand to constantly monitor such changes and understand the processes for taking effective and corrective measures towards a planned and healthy development of Mandya city. Recently, GPS and Remote sensing data are being widely used for mapping and monitoring of urban spread especially in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Delhi, Channai etc. Hence, the same technology and data can be used for Mandya city for the spatial patterns of urban expansion over different time periods and can be systematically mapped, monitored and accurately assessed from satellite data along with conventional ground data. Land loss has become a problem in Mandya City of Karnataka state. The most productive farmland is being lost by urban encroachments into rural land over the past thirty years. The unchecked physical expansion and population of Mandya city has resulted in agricultural land loss around the city. Space is limited inside the city, but multifaceted demands for space kept shooting up. In order to meet the space requirements, village lands are annexed by the main city. This consumed the cultivated and vegetated lands from the villages surrounded by Mandya city and internal land structure of the city has also been changed. These changes in the city have not planned hence led to a haphazard development, which in turn yielded problems for the proper functioning of Mandya city. The city exhibits common problems to varying degrees, which include inadequate housing, economic decline, poverty, slums, over-crowding, ill-health, social polarization, traffic congestion and environmental pollution, etc. Growth of any city is a good sign of development, but the way the expansion takes place calls for concern.
In the context of urban land, one of the land use issue, which has become of prime concern in recent times is the concern about the loss of prime agricultural land due to the physical expansion due to Mandya city's growth is seen curbing smaller villages on the periphery gulping fertile agricultural lands. Uncontrolled and unauthorized urban developments have also taken place without having basic civic amenities on the city periphery physical expansion of cities. An estimated 85 acres of land is being used each year, which by and large mainly comes from agriculture, forest cover and lakes.
Most fundamentally, the character of urban environments throughout the world is the outcome of interactions among a host of environmental, economic, technological, social, demographic, cultural and political forces operating at a variety of geographic scales raging from the global to the local. Hence, Cities growth and developments are to be mapped, stored and displayed so as to understand whether they are maintaining sustainability or not. The same is applicable to Mandya city as well.
Fig: 4. Mandya City Map Using GPS (2005)
During the study period, the city experienced the positive growth rate in area as well as population. The area of the city increased from 1497.60 to 4470.36 and almost it is tripled within the span of 3.5 decades. Totally, Mandya city engulfed 2972.76 acres of agricultural land from its periphery. On the other side, the population of the city grew from 72132 in 1971 to 135650 in 2005 showing 63518 hikes within a span of 35 years. The city has encroached lots of precious agricultural land, forest land and lake areas during the study period.
Expansion of Mandya city brings a number of problems of housing, infrastructure, services and loss of agricultural land. These problems require immediate attention of the planners and administrators. Following are the suggestions which are to be given keen interest for sustainable growth and balance of Mandya city.
References
Monitoring the Physical Growth of Mandya City: Using GPS
Dr. Ashok Hanjagi
Associate Professor
Dept. of Geography, Bangalore University, India
Email: drashokhanjagi@yahoo.com
Shivakumara Naiklal H S
Student
Bangalore University, India
Email: shivakumarnaiklal@yahoo.co.in
Prasad R. Garag
Student
Bangalore University, India
Email: garagprasad@yahoo.com
Karisidh B. Khot
Student
Bangalore University, India
Email: karisidhkhot@yahoo.co.in
Dr. Ashok Hanjagi
Associate Professor
Dept. of Geography, Bangalore University, India
Email: drashokhanjagi@yahoo.com
Shivakumara Naiklal H S
Student
Bangalore University, India
Email: shivakumarnaiklal@yahoo.co.in
Prasad R. Garag
Student
Bangalore University, India
Email: garagprasad@yahoo.com
Karisidh B. Khot
Student
Bangalore University, India
Email: karisidhkhot@yahoo.co.in
Abstract :
Mandya city is an administrative head quarter of Mandya District in Karnataka state. The city consists of 35 wards with an area of 1991.98 acres (according 1971 SOI map) and has a population of 131,179 according to 2001 Census Report. Mandya City is located in South Central part of Mandya district. It extends from 76° 31' to 76° 32' 0" East Longitude and 12° 31' to 12° 32' 0" North Latitude. Hebba Hall (Stream) flows towards northeast direction and forms its northeast boundary for the city. The city is well-connected with roads and railway lines and also urbanized with good infrastructure facilities. The main purposes of the research paper are to create boundaries, roads, railway lines of Mandya city with the help of GPS; to understand temporal expansion of the city during the study period i.e. from 1971 to 2005; to generate up-to-date information of the city’s physical growth. Mandya city’s roads, railway lines, drainage network and city boundaries are mapped using remote sensing IRS ID large scale satellite imagery. Toposheet by SOI is also used to map the city using GPS. ERDAS Image Processing Software is used to register, create layers and image classification for the city. The GPS Survey study reveals that the rate of physical expansion of the city was not the same in all the decades, it was fluctuating. Maximum increase can be seen in 2005 of three decades i.e. during 1971-1981, 1881-1991 and 1991-2005. The city is not expanding more mainly because it has well agricultural irrigated area around it. The city’s growth is also checked by Bangalore and Mysore cities directly are indirectly, which are located nearby to Mandya city. Hence, its physical expansion is restricted to only limited areas.
Introduction
The urban centers prolong on land and it is the land that puts up the major part of the entire environment. Any environmentally well-matched town planning must start up with a comprehensive look on the make use of land. Consequently, there is a great need of detailed data and information to planners about the extent, coverage and spatial distribution of diverse urban land uses, housing distinctiveness, growth patterns, population, urban sprawl, infrastructure availability, utilities, urban fringe, etc. The rapid and random expansions of cities are a typical phenomenon of urban landscape in India. The expansions of the cities within and beyond their limits are sadly remained a neglected area in urban research. There is no definite boundaries where urban area ends and rural area starts. The cities spread out within the jurisdictions of panchayats, which have neither financial resources nor technical expertise to plan and solve the problems of growing cities out of their limit. The urban authorities also ignore to manage the rapidly developing urban areas. Cities growths are not planned, monitored and mapped correctly using recent techniques. Hence, there is need to map all the cities systematically to detect changes that have occurred within and around built-up areas.
Current Needs in Urban Areas
Urban areas are said to be nodal centers for diffusing education, health-care, administration, technology, recreation, goods and services and employment opportunities to surrounding hinterlands. Travelers, businessmen, etc. need data / information regarding the cities. In many cities, few local governments have a city map that cover roads, blocks, boundaries and location of few important places like hospital, bus-stand, post-office, bank, etc. Maps of many cities are outdated and have no complete information of roads, boundaries and physical expansion. Thus, they do not show what has happened over the last five or ten years. There is need to update map of cities showing physical expansion as often as possible so as to monitor the rapid development that takes place within their jurisdiction and beyond. Hence, Mandya city has been taken a piece of research paper out of a see of urban field to create database / information using GPS to make better planning and decision making.
Main objectives
- Demarcation of Mandya city boundaries and roads in 2005 using GPS.
- To map the expansion of the city during 1971-2005.
- To understand the trend of physical expansion of the city during 1971-2005.
Fig: 1. Location of the Study Area
Location of Study Area and Materials
The study area selected as Mandya city, which is positioned in the centre belt of the Southern sector of the Karnataka state. It is an administrative head quarter of Mandya District. Physiographically it has been classified as southern Maidan region of the state. It extends from 76o 31' 0’’ to 76o 32' 0'' East longitude and 12o 31' 0'' and 12o 32' 0'' North latitude. The city consists of 35 wards with an area of 1991.98 acres (according to 1971 SOI map) and has a population of 131,179 according to 2001 Census Report. The city is well connected with roads and railway-line and urbanized as well. The materials used were IRS 1D of 2002, Topographic Map of 1971 with scale 1: 50 000, and 1981 with scale 1:25 000.
Methodology
Remote sensing data are capable of detecting and measuring a variety of elements relating to the morphology of cities, such as the amount, shape, density, textural form and spread of urban areas. In the present study, IRS 1D imagery of 2000 and 1971, 1981 toposheets were Geo-corrected. Mandya city’s boundaries, roads, railway-line were digitized layer by layer with using ERDAS Imagine 8.7 and ArcGIS 9.0 software so as to get position of objects in Mandya city. We navigated along the roads, railway-line, and city boundaries using GPS so as to get latest positions. All the maps were overlapped to know the physical expansion of the city during 1971-2005.
Physical Expansion of Mandya City (1971-2005)
In 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 we have mapped the city expansion using topomaps and IRS 1D merged imageries. However, in 2005 GPS has been used to get coordinates and positions of the roads, railway-line, water-bodies, city boundaries and streets of Mandya city. The study reveals that the rate of physical expansion of Mandya city was not the same in all the decades, it was fluctuating. Maximum extension of the city was noticed during 1971-1981 and minimum growth was during 1981-1991.
Fig: 2. Physical Expansion of the City (1971-2005)
In 1971, the urban area of Mandya city was only 1497.60 acres with a population of 72132 and the total length of the city boundary was 14. 5 km. During 1971-81 the population increased to 100286 (39.03%) at the same time physical expansion of the city showed a speedy increase with 2428 (62.12%) acres. At the same stage the total length of the boundary increased from 14.5 km to 19.61.
For the period of 1981-1991 population of the city went up to 120265 (19.92%) and the area also widened along with the increase of the population, the total city area was 2829.88 (16.55%) acres and length of the city boundary was 20.51 km. For the duration of 1991-2001, the population as well as city areas experienced slight increased with 31179 (9.07%) and 3564.71(25.94%) acres respectively. The city boundary was 21.71 km during the period.
During 2001-2005 again the city showed a marginal growth of population as well as area. The area is 4470.36 (25.40%) and the population is 135650 (3.40%) and length of the boundary increased to 23.62 km. Finally, all the maps are overlaid to know the decade-wise physical expansion of the Mandya city during 1971-2005.
Results & Discussions
Average urban development and increasing land use changes due to changing population and economic growth in Mandya city’s landscape is being witnessed of late. Forest cover and rural agricultural land is being converted into urban purposes in all around the city. Since Mandya has shown a typical urbanization, industrialization and improvement in information technology sector there is an increasing pressure on land, water and environment.
Planners need the whole data and information of a map and information related to these aspects for perspective planning and management at the edge of Mandya city. Hence, there is need to create an information system of Mandya city to retrieve, integrate and create various planning scenarios for decision making. The Global Positioning System (GPS), Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are appropriate tools for creating such type of information system.
There is a demand to constantly monitor such changes and understand the processes for taking effective and corrective measures towards a planned and healthy development of Mandya city. Recently, GPS and Remote sensing data are being widely used for mapping and monitoring of urban spread especially in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Delhi, Channai etc. Hence, the same technology and data can be used for Mandya city for the spatial patterns of urban expansion over different time periods and can be systematically mapped, monitored and accurately assessed from satellite data along with conventional ground data. Land loss has become a problem in Mandya City of Karnataka state. The most productive farmland is being lost by urban encroachments into rural land over the past thirty years. The unchecked physical expansion and population of Mandya city has resulted in agricultural land loss around the city. Space is limited inside the city, but multifaceted demands for space kept shooting up. In order to meet the space requirements, village lands are annexed by the main city. This consumed the cultivated and vegetated lands from the villages surrounded by Mandya city and internal land structure of the city has also been changed. These changes in the city have not planned hence led to a haphazard development, which in turn yielded problems for the proper functioning of Mandya city. The city exhibits common problems to varying degrees, which include inadequate housing, economic decline, poverty, slums, over-crowding, ill-health, social polarization, traffic congestion and environmental pollution, etc. Growth of any city is a good sign of development, but the way the expansion takes place calls for concern.
In the context of urban land, one of the land use issue, which has become of prime concern in recent times is the concern about the loss of prime agricultural land due to the physical expansion due to Mandya city's growth is seen curbing smaller villages on the periphery gulping fertile agricultural lands. Uncontrolled and unauthorized urban developments have also taken place without having basic civic amenities on the city periphery physical expansion of cities. An estimated 85 acres of land is being used each year, which by and large mainly comes from agriculture, forest cover and lakes.
Most fundamentally, the character of urban environments throughout the world is the outcome of interactions among a host of environmental, economic, technological, social, demographic, cultural and political forces operating at a variety of geographic scales raging from the global to the local. Hence, Cities growth and developments are to be mapped, stored and displayed so as to understand whether they are maintaining sustainability or not. The same is applicable to Mandya city as well.
Fig: 4. Mandya City Map Using GPS (2005)
During the study period, the city experienced the positive growth rate in area as well as population. The area of the city increased from 1497.60 to 4470.36 and almost it is tripled within the span of 3.5 decades. Totally, Mandya city engulfed 2972.76 acres of agricultural land from its periphery. On the other side, the population of the city grew from 72132 in 1971 to 135650 in 2005 showing 63518 hikes within a span of 35 years. The city has encroached lots of precious agricultural land, forest land and lake areas during the study period.
- The famous Mandya tank, which was supplying water to Mandya a decade ago was completely flattened for the use of urban activities.
- The main road between Mysore and Bangalore, which was passing through middle part of Mandya has been converted into four-lanes that resulted loss of agricultural land either side of the road.
- The railway-line between Bangalore and Mysore has also been converted from meter-gauge to broad-gauge that has captured the precious land either side.
Expansion of Mandya city brings a number of problems of housing, infrastructure, services and loss of agricultural land. These problems require immediate attention of the planners and administrators. Following are the suggestions which are to be given keen interest for sustainable growth and balance of Mandya city.
- Safeguarding of fertile land around the city.
- Control of urban spreading out into agricultural land, forest land and lake areas.
- Control over natural growth of the city population.
- Provision of sufficient amenities on the edge of the city.
- Jurisdictional, legal limitations should be applied for encroachment of rural land.
- Maintenance of environmental quality.
- There is a need of research on encroachment of urban activities into rural lands.
- There is need for generation of digital topographical data base for Mandya city.
- Use of high resolution data for planning and urban information generation.
References
- Harold Carter (1995). The Study of Urban Geography, Fourth Edition Arnold Publishers, London
- Ashish Bose (1980). India’s Urbanization 1901-2001, Second Edition Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
- Prakasa Rao (1983) Urbanization in India, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
- Majid Hussain (2003). Urban Geography, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
- Peter A. Burrough and Rachael A. Mcdonnell (1998). Principles of Geographic Information Systems, Oxford University Press, New York.