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Delineation and incorporation of socio-infrastructure database into GIS for land use planning: A case study of Tan Phu Thanh village, ChauThanh District, Cantho Province
Vo Quang Minh and Le Quang Tri
Department of Soil Science & Land management, College of Agricultural, Cantho University, Vietnam
Yamada
Japan International Research Center For Agricultural Sciences, Japan
Abstract
Land use Planning and Management is considered a very complex issue since it is usually solved by the multisectoral-interdisciplinary hiarachy decomposition approaches. In general, land use planning indicates the consideration of water, social, socio-economic, economic and environmental issues. In which socioeconomic and insfrastructure data are used and delineated for maps manipulation in land evaluation and land use planning. The study aims at merging the GIS and socioeconomic data approaches for the land use planning. A case study of about 2,604 ha of TanPhuThanh village, ChauThanh district, Cantho province has been selected to be stimulated through the merging of GIS and socioeconomic data for the sake of land use planning. Different proposed suitable and use types (LUT) zones (LUT1 : Winter-Summer rice + Summer Autumn rice + Fish, LUT2 : Winter-Summer rice - SA rice – Autumn-Winter rice + Fish, LUT3 : Winter-Summer rice-SSupland crops- Autumn-Winter rice + Fish, LUT4 : Winter-Summer Upland crops- Spring-Summer upland crops - Autumn-Winter rice + Fish, LUT5 : Intensive vegetable, LUT6 : Fruit trees + Fish) have been proposed. Through the merging of GIS, socioeconomic and infrastructure have been run and evaluated on two forms of evaluation: physical and socio-infrastructure evaluations. It has been found that this merging is resulting a very powerful and robust tool for evaluation of different proposed plans on integrated levels. The merging of GIS and infrastructure conditions has really facilitated the decision making process for such type of problems. It is recommended to use such methodology in the integrated land use planning and management in that including physical and socio-economic conditions. The socio-economic factors used in this study so-called “infrastrure requirements of land use types” mainly consist of the distances from farmers’house to the main road, rivers (for transportation); maket, factory (for accesibility to the maket and processing) and to the seed supply and agricultural materials. The results showed that those factors affected to the suitability of land use types in term of infrastructure improvement. LUT5 (Intensive vegetable) has largest area that give high suitability of land under those conditions. The reason is that most of LUT5 located mainly along the river and main road.
1. Introduction
Land evaluation is the assessment of land performance when used for specified purposes. As such it provide a rational basis for talking land use decision based on analysis of ralations between land use and land, giving estimates of required inputs and projected outputs (FAO, 1986).
The proper planning, design and management of land use demands a careful balancing of many goals, and the search for desirable land uses, coupled with effective and sustainable management practices, is made more complex by the interactions between the environment, the economy and society. One of the main reasons underlying the growing interest in multicriteria analysis for land use management is the need for an integrated approach to such complex problems. Multicriteria analysis can support the structuring of land use problems, allowing the concerns of major actors to be explored, giving trade-offs between conflicting goals, and leading to the evaluation of options from different perspectives. The integration of spatial concepts into multicriteria schemes means that this type of methodology can now make a substantial contribution to land-use management.
The primary issue in Multi-Criteria Evaluation is concerned with how to combine the information from several criteria to form a single index of evaluation. In the case of Boolean criteria (constraints), the solution usually lies in the union (logical OR) or intersection (logical AND) of conditions. However, for continuous factors, a weighted linear combination (Voogd, 1983) is usually used. With a weighted linear combination, factors are combined by applying a weight to each followed by a summation of the results to yield a suitability map
The sustainable development due to political decision is now a wording, which can be heard everywhere. There are typical components directly related to sustainable developments: They pro-ject into the future; there are sociological, economical and ecological criteria; and there are options, which are to be classified depending on their fullfillment of those criteria. A study on the method that will be developed for evaluation of the degree of suitability for physical and transportation distances (apart of infrastructure) evaluation in the Tan Phu Thanh village was done by using GIS technique in this paper .
2. Research location description
2.1 Location and physical condition
Tan Phu Thanh village located in the South of Chau Thanh district, Can Tho province, neighbors in the North is Nhon Nghia village, in the East is Thanh Dong, in the Western-South is Thanh Xuan village. Total area is 2,556.7 ha, with 7 hamlets, including Tan Thanh Dong, Tan Thanh Tay, Phu Loi, Thanh My A, Thanh My B, Tan Phu, and Long An.
The climatic conditions are similar to the condition of the district or province, which distinguse season, dry and rainy seasons. The dry season starts from January to May, while the rainy season starts from May to December. Total rainfall of the region about 1952 mm/year, however most of rainfall concentrated in the rainy season, while there are no rain in February and March, high rainfall concentrated from May (113.3 mm) to December (153 mm), amount of rainfall is highest in September (439.2 mm). In the rainy season, there are no drought spell occurrence, which harmful for cropping season because there are not enough water for irriagtion. However, the hydrology conditions of the village are quite suitable for agricultural even though drought spell occurred. Temperature of the village is nearly stabilized in the year, average temperatute is about 27.3 oC, highest Temp. is in May (29.6oC), and lowest is in December (25.3oC). The village has high air humidity, specially in the rainy season, highest is in September (91%), and lowest is in the dry season (79 – 82%). Generally, the climatic conditions of Tan Phu Thanh village are the same as the conditions of the districts or province, it is belong to the climatic regime of the region, which suitable for the agricultural development. Especially, the land use parterns diversity in the village is very high, which conforming for the suitable of the villlage for agricultural production.
The inundation depth will effect to the type of crops, cropping system, and also the development of fishery. The inundation of Tan Phu Thanh village is affected by the tidal regime and receive water from Hau river, about 10 km from Hau river. Since maximum depth of inundation is high, ranging from 40 to 80 cm.
According to the map, there were 13 land use patterns in the village, in which double rice crop is dominated in most of the hamlets. However, fruit crops and perenial crops are concentrated with a very large area along the river and national No.1 highway, in which Tan Phu and Long An hamlets have the largest area of fruit gardent and upland crops, the other land uses occupied a few hectars including mixed garden, church, cemetory, house, which located along the river or national No.1 highway or local paths, canal, river,.. that showed the village has the potential in deleloping the fruit crops such as oranges, rambutant, longan, mango,..as reported by the farmers, while double rice is now shifting to triple rice as practiced at some places in the village. This is showing the highly suitability of crops in the area.
There are 6 major soil types in Tan Phu Thanh village, and large area are potential acid sulfate soil, in which sulfidic horizon often occurred at the depth more than 80 cm from soil surface. the pyritic material indicated in the field by oxidation of H2O2, which will oxidize pyritic material and bring soil pH down, if pyritic material presented, soil pH will down to lower than 2. These soil types presently not harmfull for crops, but if it exposed to the surface such as for raised bed, pond making,.. it will be oxidized and released a lot of toxicity as Al3+, Fe2+, total acid, and low pH. Besides these, most of the soil receive a lot of alluvial materal from river, deposited on the top soil to form a Fluvic phase, which indicate the accumulation of aluvial material on the topsoil. However, due to the accumuation of organic matter on the surface during crop cultivation, the soil surface have a dark color to form the umbric phase. There are no occurrence of pyritic material in the horizon in other soil types, these soil types are favorable for most of the crops.
2.2 Some infrastructure situation
2.2.1 Present transport system related to the agricultural products
In Tan Phu Thanh village, Balang river is the main river of the village, which the farmers can use for transpotation of their product to the market, and also for local transpotation. The distance from the main river will affect to the cost of products by transportation. Based on the location of the main river, more than 50 % area of field and farmer’s house in the Tan Phu Thanh village have the distance less than 1000 m.
National No.1 high way is the main road crossed throught the village, which the farmers can use for transpotation. The distances to the main road is also affected to the cost of product such like the river as mentioned above. Most of farmer’s field (more than 50 % area) in the Tan Phu Thanh village are less than 1000 m from the main road.
2.2.2 Market
In the Tan Phus Thanh village, most of farmer’s products are sold to the local market. Therefore, the distance to the market play important role that affected to the imcome of farmers. In Tan Phu Thanh village, there are three main markets located in the village that are Xeo vong, So 10, and Cai Tac makets. Most of the farmer fields to local market ranged from 500 to 5000 m, in which most of distance was within 1000 to 3000 m. Some farmers who produced more products often sell their product in Cantho and Cairang markets
2.2.3 Schools
There are 11 elementary schools located in the Tan Phu Thanh village which are more easier for children in the village going to school. Most of farmer houses are close the elementary schools (from 500 m to 1500m). Therefore, the can walk to school or going by bicycle or boat.
Two secondary schools have been located in Tan Phu Thanh village (Tan Phu Thanh and Tam vu 2 secondary schools), if considered within the village, most of children have to ride bicycle or boat to the schools, because it is far from their house. The distance from farmer’s house to secondary schools ranged from 500 to 5000 m. However, because there is an other secondary school in Cai rang, which very near for student located in the hamplet of Tan Thanh Dong, and Tan Thanh Tay and Phu Thanh, they can study in these schools instead of local secondary schools.
3. Methodology
Various types of originally collected and derived data were used in the study. The basic data sources were (a) Soil map, (b) Hydrological map, (c) infrastructure Accessibility maps, (d) socio-economic data gathered through field survey, and (e) other published and unpublished information, such as agricultural statistics, and soil reports.
The evaluation and criteria develoment in the study area have been divided into two ways : physical land evaluation and socio-infrastructure land evaluation, in which:
According to the current agricultural conditions, and the results of the present LUTs analysis above, there are four main development targets which can be reflected in the present land use systems: (i) increasing crop production per ha; (ii) increasing income of farmers; (iii) increasing areas of intercropping of fruit garden and aquaculture; and (iv) trials of land use system model.
Based on the those reasons and objectives, six promising land use types were selected for study on land suitability classification in Tan Phu Thanh, that is:
3.2. Physical land suitability classification method
Land mapping unit of the study area has been created based on the physical conditions of the study area. Various types of originally collected and derived data were used in the study. All maps at the scale of 1/5000. The basic data sources were
Table 1 : Diagnostic factors and factor rating of physical conditions for different land use types in the Tan Phu Thanh village.
3.3. Socio-insfrastructure evaluation
This evaluation is applied for the study area as a method development for evaluation of land use types under the socio-infrastructure conditions, in which criteria and weights are applied for factors to check for the ability in using of GIS in suitability assessment which the limiting factor method is limited due to the problems of important levels of factors. The methodology of this method is following the steps as follows
Criteria development
Because of the different scales upon which criteria are measured, it is necessary that factors be standardized before combination using the fomulas, and that they be transformed, if necessary, such that all factors maps are possitively correlated with suitability.
Criterion weights
Matching of agro-hydrologcal characteristics and requirements to assess the suitability of a map unit for a cropping pattern is carried out for diferent methods, although a variety of techniques exist for the development of weight one of the most promissing is that of comparisons developed by Saaty (1977) in the context of a decision making process known as the Analytical Hierachy Process (AHP). The first introduction of this technique to a GIS application was that of Rao et al (1991), although the procedure was developed outside the GIS software using a variety of analytical resources. In the procedure for multi criteria evaluation using a weighted linear combination, it is necessary that the weights sum to one. In Saary’s technique, weights of this nature can be derived by talking the principle eigenvector of a square reciprocal matrix of pairwise comparisions between the criteria. The comparisons concern the relative importance of the two criteria involved in determining suitability for the stated objective. Ratings are provided on a 1 point continous scale.
However, in this research, the Arithmetric procedure (FAO, 1986) is used as the method of matching of factors, in which the indivitual assessments, expressed numerically, can be combined by multiplication (or by addition). In this method, each suitability class is assigned a value ranging from 1.0 to 0.0 depending on the level of importance and the suitability classes (Table 2). Once a suitability map has been prepared, it is common to undertaken a step of deciding upon which cells belong to the set that meets a particular land allocation area target (the decision set).
Table 2 : Assigned value for different suitability classes of difference level of impotance
The diagnostic factors for of socio-infrastructure characteristics for different land use types in the Tan Phu Thanh village are based on the accessibility to the different infrastructure which affected to the socio-economic aspect, these factors including
Table 3: Accessibility suitability classes of all land use types in the research area
Depending on the type of infrastructure, the accessibility to different infrastructure types will also affect to systems at different levels, since, the weight of different accessibility classes is also different for different infrastructure types. The next step will be done by assigning the weighted value for each suitability class and depending on the importance of factor, the weight value will be assigned from 0 to 1, hightly suitable will assign the value 1, moderately suitable will assign the value from 0.7 to 0.9, marginally suitable will assign the value 0.4 to 0.6 and Unsuitable will assign value 0.0. The weight assigned for different suitability classes is applied as the same methodology of FAO (1986). Detailed of assigned weight for diagnostic factors of different land use types is showned in below table, in which the S1 has the weight of 1 and S1 has the weight from 0.7 to 0.9 depending on the important level, S3 and N are not applied for the study area.
Table 4: Assigning weight for diagnostic factor of socio and insfrasctructure conditions for different Land use types in the Tan Phu Thanh village.
Matching for suitability classification
Once the weight value assigned for each class of each map, all of maps of factors for each land use type will be multiplied together, its means these values are multiplied for all moderately or very importance land qualities. The product is converted back to an over all suitability by assigning above value. The output will be the suitability map for the land use type with the value from 0 to 1.0. The final reclassified map is the suitability map of selected land use type.
In oder to classify for the suitability classes, the GIS reclassification method will be applied, which :
However, a structural problem with this procedure is that the large the number of qualities considered (other than with S1 suitability), the lower is the product. Therefore the same number of qualities must be used in all calculations that are to be compared; even if some of the qualities are not needed they are automatically given an assessment. There have been a number of studies in which, for a particular local area, good correlations have been obtained between overall suitability ratings obtained by this procedure and observed crop yields. If transferred from one area to another, however, the ratings will usually require adjudment, or calibration in relation to crop yields.
4. Results and discussion
The evaluation consists of two ways, that are (i) physical land evaluation and socio-infrastruc ture evaluation, which can be combined if it necessary for land use planner, the physical land evaluation mainly based on the physical conditons in which soil , hydrological conditions are the main factors for developing the criteria, but the socio-economic , infrastructure,..only considered in the part of description of land use types. The result of land evaluation can be used for planning based on physical condition. The second way of evaluation is based on the socio-infrastructure conditions to give more precisely results that related to the socio-economic conditions.
4.1. Land mapping units of the study area
Land mapping units are adopted as a basis for land evaluation in this study. These units are based on combinations of depth of inundation, depth of sulfidic layer occurrence and depth of topsoil layer. There are 13 soil mapping units which is identified in Tan Phu Thanh village. The description and extent of land mapping units are shown in Table 5 and Figure 1.
Figure 1 : Soil Mapping Unit of the study area
Table 5 : Extent of soil units in Tan Phu Thanh village
4.2. Physical suitability classification
Land suitability classification involves the comparison of the land qualities of a land mapping unit (LMU) or the values of the diagnostic factors for a LMU with the requirements of a LUT (expressed in terms of factor ratings). This comparison is part of matching process. These partial suitability for separate land qualities must be combined to come the overall suitability of the LMU for the LUTs.
The land suitability classification is following the general methodology for land evaluation. The result is based on the comparison of the land qualities of each of the land mapping units with the requirements of each LUT which are expressed in terms of factor ratings. In assessing suitability for crop combinations, the first step is to obtain suitability assessments for each the crops concerned. In general, the suitability for a cropping system based on two or more crops will not be higher than the lowest of the crop assessments. The results of the land suitability classification are shown in Table 6. The subclasses in S2 and S3 are based on the following limitations:
Table 6: Present land suitability classification and area of LUTs in Tan Phu Thanh, Can Tho province.
From the results shown in Table 6, the zoning of land suitability classification were established. The land suitability classification zones are as basis for land use planning in term of physical conditions. The details of land suitability zones were shown in Table 7 and Figure 2.
Figure 2: Zoning of land suitability classification
Table 7: Zoning land suitability classification of land use types in the Tan Phu Thanh
(WS: Winter-Spring; SS: Spring-Summer; SA: Summer-Autumn; AW: Autumn-Winter)
a: limited by the depth of sulfuric horizon
f: limited by the depth of maximum flooding
4.3. Socio and infrastructure suitability classification for land use types in high pysical suitable zones.
The methodology for the assessment of socio-insfratructure is different as compared to physical land evaluation, in which the factors of insfrastructure accessibility are used as the major constraints effected to the classification of land use types. Results of suitability classification of land use types in high physical suitable zone that based on the socio-infrastruture conditions were showed in Table 8.
Table 8: The area of suitability classification of zones that highly suitable land use types in Tan Phu Thanh village based on socio-infrastructure conditions
From above table, and based on the criteria of socio and infrastructure conditions developed for suitability assessment of different land use types in the study area, LUT5 and 6 are more favorable than other LUTs, its mean that fruit and upland crops are more suitable than other LUTs to be developed in the study area because of the favorable of accessibility to the infrastructure such as roads, rivers, .. for product transpotation, local consumtion, export,..Other LUTs have the same extent of suitability of infrastructures. The result of this multicriteria analysis is a map (figure 3), that can be immediately consulted by decision-makers. If they are not satisfied, they can modify any subjective parameters in above table of factor rating and level of importance, until the result is conform to their point of view. These operations can be followed by a sensitivity analysis to identify the respective influence of the different subjective parameters
Figure 3 : Zoning of Infrastructure Accessibility suitability classification of the study area
The zoning of infrastructure accessibility suitability classfication showing that zone 1 has the largest area which highly suitable for all of LUTs (726,8 ha), and there are no unsuitable zone for LUTs. Since, the government or decision maker can use this result to develop a strategies for planning the infrastructure which favorable or suitable for all of LUTs to increase production or for product consumtion. The extent of zoning is showned in Table 9 and Figure 3.
Table 9: Extent of different zones of infrastructure accessibility suitability classification for different Land use types in Tan Phu Thanh
5. Conclusion and recomendations
5.1 Conclusion
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Vo Quang Minh and Le Quang Tri
Department of Soil Science & Land management, College of Agricultural, Cantho University, Vietnam
Yamada
Japan International Research Center For Agricultural Sciences, Japan
Abstract
Land use Planning and Management is considered a very complex issue since it is usually solved by the multisectoral-interdisciplinary hiarachy decomposition approaches. In general, land use planning indicates the consideration of water, social, socio-economic, economic and environmental issues. In which socioeconomic and insfrastructure data are used and delineated for maps manipulation in land evaluation and land use planning. The study aims at merging the GIS and socioeconomic data approaches for the land use planning. A case study of about 2,604 ha of TanPhuThanh village, ChauThanh district, Cantho province has been selected to be stimulated through the merging of GIS and socioeconomic data for the sake of land use planning. Different proposed suitable and use types (LUT) zones (LUT1 : Winter-Summer rice + Summer Autumn rice + Fish, LUT2 : Winter-Summer rice - SA rice – Autumn-Winter rice + Fish, LUT3 : Winter-Summer rice-SSupland crops- Autumn-Winter rice + Fish, LUT4 : Winter-Summer Upland crops- Spring-Summer upland crops - Autumn-Winter rice + Fish, LUT5 : Intensive vegetable, LUT6 : Fruit trees + Fish) have been proposed. Through the merging of GIS, socioeconomic and infrastructure have been run and evaluated on two forms of evaluation: physical and socio-infrastructure evaluations. It has been found that this merging is resulting a very powerful and robust tool for evaluation of different proposed plans on integrated levels. The merging of GIS and infrastructure conditions has really facilitated the decision making process for such type of problems. It is recommended to use such methodology in the integrated land use planning and management in that including physical and socio-economic conditions. The socio-economic factors used in this study so-called “infrastrure requirements of land use types” mainly consist of the distances from farmers’house to the main road, rivers (for transportation); maket, factory (for accesibility to the maket and processing) and to the seed supply and agricultural materials. The results showed that those factors affected to the suitability of land use types in term of infrastructure improvement. LUT5 (Intensive vegetable) has largest area that give high suitability of land under those conditions. The reason is that most of LUT5 located mainly along the river and main road.
1. Introduction
Land evaluation is the assessment of land performance when used for specified purposes. As such it provide a rational basis for talking land use decision based on analysis of ralations between land use and land, giving estimates of required inputs and projected outputs (FAO, 1986).
The proper planning, design and management of land use demands a careful balancing of many goals, and the search for desirable land uses, coupled with effective and sustainable management practices, is made more complex by the interactions between the environment, the economy and society. One of the main reasons underlying the growing interest in multicriteria analysis for land use management is the need for an integrated approach to such complex problems. Multicriteria analysis can support the structuring of land use problems, allowing the concerns of major actors to be explored, giving trade-offs between conflicting goals, and leading to the evaluation of options from different perspectives. The integration of spatial concepts into multicriteria schemes means that this type of methodology can now make a substantial contribution to land-use management.
The primary issue in Multi-Criteria Evaluation is concerned with how to combine the information from several criteria to form a single index of evaluation. In the case of Boolean criteria (constraints), the solution usually lies in the union (logical OR) or intersection (logical AND) of conditions. However, for continuous factors, a weighted linear combination (Voogd, 1983) is usually used. With a weighted linear combination, factors are combined by applying a weight to each followed by a summation of the results to yield a suitability map
The sustainable development due to political decision is now a wording, which can be heard everywhere. There are typical components directly related to sustainable developments: They pro-ject into the future; there are sociological, economical and ecological criteria; and there are options, which are to be classified depending on their fullfillment of those criteria. A study on the method that will be developed for evaluation of the degree of suitability for physical and transportation distances (apart of infrastructure) evaluation in the Tan Phu Thanh village was done by using GIS technique in this paper .
2. Research location description
2.1 Location and physical condition
Tan Phu Thanh village located in the South of Chau Thanh district, Can Tho province, neighbors in the North is Nhon Nghia village, in the East is Thanh Dong, in the Western-South is Thanh Xuan village. Total area is 2,556.7 ha, with 7 hamlets, including Tan Thanh Dong, Tan Thanh Tay, Phu Loi, Thanh My A, Thanh My B, Tan Phu, and Long An.
The climatic conditions are similar to the condition of the district or province, which distinguse season, dry and rainy seasons. The dry season starts from January to May, while the rainy season starts from May to December. Total rainfall of the region about 1952 mm/year, however most of rainfall concentrated in the rainy season, while there are no rain in February and March, high rainfall concentrated from May (113.3 mm) to December (153 mm), amount of rainfall is highest in September (439.2 mm). In the rainy season, there are no drought spell occurrence, which harmful for cropping season because there are not enough water for irriagtion. However, the hydrology conditions of the village are quite suitable for agricultural even though drought spell occurred. Temperature of the village is nearly stabilized in the year, average temperatute is about 27.3 oC, highest Temp. is in May (29.6oC), and lowest is in December (25.3oC). The village has high air humidity, specially in the rainy season, highest is in September (91%), and lowest is in the dry season (79 – 82%). Generally, the climatic conditions of Tan Phu Thanh village are the same as the conditions of the districts or province, it is belong to the climatic regime of the region, which suitable for the agricultural development. Especially, the land use parterns diversity in the village is very high, which conforming for the suitable of the villlage for agricultural production.
The inundation depth will effect to the type of crops, cropping system, and also the development of fishery. The inundation of Tan Phu Thanh village is affected by the tidal regime and receive water from Hau river, about 10 km from Hau river. Since maximum depth of inundation is high, ranging from 40 to 80 cm.
According to the map, there were 13 land use patterns in the village, in which double rice crop is dominated in most of the hamlets. However, fruit crops and perenial crops are concentrated with a very large area along the river and national No.1 highway, in which Tan Phu and Long An hamlets have the largest area of fruit gardent and upland crops, the other land uses occupied a few hectars including mixed garden, church, cemetory, house, which located along the river or national No.1 highway or local paths, canal, river,.. that showed the village has the potential in deleloping the fruit crops such as oranges, rambutant, longan, mango,..as reported by the farmers, while double rice is now shifting to triple rice as practiced at some places in the village. This is showing the highly suitability of crops in the area.
There are 6 major soil types in Tan Phu Thanh village, and large area are potential acid sulfate soil, in which sulfidic horizon often occurred at the depth more than 80 cm from soil surface. the pyritic material indicated in the field by oxidation of H2O2, which will oxidize pyritic material and bring soil pH down, if pyritic material presented, soil pH will down to lower than 2. These soil types presently not harmfull for crops, but if it exposed to the surface such as for raised bed, pond making,.. it will be oxidized and released a lot of toxicity as Al3+, Fe2+, total acid, and low pH. Besides these, most of the soil receive a lot of alluvial materal from river, deposited on the top soil to form a Fluvic phase, which indicate the accumulation of aluvial material on the topsoil. However, due to the accumuation of organic matter on the surface during crop cultivation, the soil surface have a dark color to form the umbric phase. There are no occurrence of pyritic material in the horizon in other soil types, these soil types are favorable for most of the crops.
2.2 Some infrastructure situation
2.2.1 Present transport system related to the agricultural products
In Tan Phu Thanh village, Balang river is the main river of the village, which the farmers can use for transpotation of their product to the market, and also for local transpotation. The distance from the main river will affect to the cost of products by transportation. Based on the location of the main river, more than 50 % area of field and farmer’s house in the Tan Phu Thanh village have the distance less than 1000 m.
National No.1 high way is the main road crossed throught the village, which the farmers can use for transpotation. The distances to the main road is also affected to the cost of product such like the river as mentioned above. Most of farmer’s field (more than 50 % area) in the Tan Phu Thanh village are less than 1000 m from the main road.
2.2.2 Market
In the Tan Phus Thanh village, most of farmer’s products are sold to the local market. Therefore, the distance to the market play important role that affected to the imcome of farmers. In Tan Phu Thanh village, there are three main markets located in the village that are Xeo vong, So 10, and Cai Tac makets. Most of the farmer fields to local market ranged from 500 to 5000 m, in which most of distance was within 1000 to 3000 m. Some farmers who produced more products often sell their product in Cantho and Cairang markets
2.2.3 Schools
There are 11 elementary schools located in the Tan Phu Thanh village which are more easier for children in the village going to school. Most of farmer houses are close the elementary schools (from 500 m to 1500m). Therefore, the can walk to school or going by bicycle or boat.
Two secondary schools have been located in Tan Phu Thanh village (Tan Phu Thanh and Tam vu 2 secondary schools), if considered within the village, most of children have to ride bicycle or boat to the schools, because it is far from their house. The distance from farmer’s house to secondary schools ranged from 500 to 5000 m. However, because there is an other secondary school in Cai rang, which very near for student located in the hamplet of Tan Thanh Dong, and Tan Thanh Tay and Phu Thanh, they can study in these schools instead of local secondary schools.
3. Methodology
Various types of originally collected and derived data were used in the study. The basic data sources were (a) Soil map, (b) Hydrological map, (c) infrastructure Accessibility maps, (d) socio-economic data gathered through field survey, and (e) other published and unpublished information, such as agricultural statistics, and soil reports.
The evaluation and criteria develoment in the study area have been divided into two ways : physical land evaluation and socio-infrastructure land evaluation, in which:
- Physical land evaluation used the limiting factor method for assigning the suitabality classes, in which the lowest suitability class will limit for the rest of factor, and the overall suitability class will be the lowest suitability class. This methodology applied for evaluation the physical suitability of the study area.
- Socio-Infrastructure evaluation used the criteria and weight for different important rates of each factor, the multiplication process of all factor and reclassification for different suitability classes used as the same method suggested by FAO (1986)
According to the current agricultural conditions, and the results of the present LUTs analysis above, there are four main development targets which can be reflected in the present land use systems: (i) increasing crop production per ha; (ii) increasing income of farmers; (iii) increasing areas of intercropping of fruit garden and aquaculture; and (iv) trials of land use system model.
Based on the those reasons and objectives, six promising land use types were selected for study on land suitability classification in Tan Phu Thanh, that is:
- LUT1 : Double cropping of rice: WS rice - SA rice + Fish
- LUT2 : Triple cropping of rice: WS rice - SA rice - AW rice + Fish
- LUT3 : WS rice - SS upland crops - AW rice + Fish
- LUT4 : WS Upland crops - SS upland crops - AW rice + Fish
- LUT5 : Intensive vegetable
- LUT6 : Fruit trees + Fish
3.2. Physical land suitability classification method
Land mapping unit of the study area has been created based on the physical conditions of the study area. Various types of originally collected and derived data were used in the study. All maps at the scale of 1/5000. The basic data sources were
- Soil map (soil types, topsoil thickness, depth of sulfuric, pyritic occurrence)
- Administrative boundary maps
- Hydrological map (inundation)
Table 1 : Diagnostic factors and factor rating of physical conditions for different land use types in the Tan Phu Thanh village.
| Factor rating | Suitability Classes | |||
| S1 | S2 | S3 | N | |
| Lut 1: Rice (DX) + Rice (HT) – Fish | ||||
| Top soil thickness (cm) | >20 | < 20 | - | - |
| Occurrence of sulfidic horizon (cm) | >80 | 50-80 | <50 | - |
| Lut 2: Rice (DX) + Rice (HT) + Rice (TD) – Fish | ||||
| Top soil thickness (cm) | >20 | <20 | - | - |
| Occurrence of sulfidic horizon (cm) | >80 | 50-80 | <50 | - |
| Depth of flooding (cm) | <60 | 60-80 | >80 | - |
| Lut 3: Rice (DX) + Upland crops (XH) + Rice (TD) – Fish | ||||
| Top soil thickness (cm) | >20 | <20 | - | - |
| Occurrence of sulfidic horizon (cm) | >120 | 80-120 | 50-80 | <50 |
| Depth of flooding (cm) | <60 | 60-80 | >80 | - |
| Lut 4: Upland crop (DX) + Upland (XH) + Rice (TD) – Fish | ||||
| Top soil thickness (cm) | >20 | <20 | - | - |
| Occurrence of sulfidic horizon (cm) | >120 | 80-120 | 50-80 | <50 |
| Depth of flooding (cm) | <60 | 60-80 | >80 | - |
| Lut 5: Upland crops | ||||
| Top soil thickness (cm) | >20 | <20 | - | - |
| Occurrence of sulfidic horizon (cm) | >120 | 80-120 | 50-80 | <50 |
| Depth of flooding (cm) | <40 | 40-60 | 60-80 | >80 |
| Lut 6: Fruit tree- Fish | ||||
| Top soil thickness (cm) | >20 | <20 | - | - |
| Occurrence of sulfidic horizon (cm) | >120 | 80-120 | 50-80 | <50 |
| Depth of flooding (cm) | <40 | 40-60 | 60-80 | >80 |
3.3. Socio-insfrastructure evaluation
This evaluation is applied for the study area as a method development for evaluation of land use types under the socio-infrastructure conditions, in which criteria and weights are applied for factors to check for the ability in using of GIS in suitability assessment which the limiting factor method is limited due to the problems of important levels of factors. The methodology of this method is following the steps as follows
Criteria development
Because of the different scales upon which criteria are measured, it is necessary that factors be standardized before combination using the fomulas, and that they be transformed, if necessary, such that all factors maps are possitively correlated with suitability.
Criterion weights
Matching of agro-hydrologcal characteristics and requirements to assess the suitability of a map unit for a cropping pattern is carried out for diferent methods, although a variety of techniques exist for the development of weight one of the most promissing is that of comparisons developed by Saaty (1977) in the context of a decision making process known as the Analytical Hierachy Process (AHP). The first introduction of this technique to a GIS application was that of Rao et al (1991), although the procedure was developed outside the GIS software using a variety of analytical resources. In the procedure for multi criteria evaluation using a weighted linear combination, it is necessary that the weights sum to one. In Saary’s technique, weights of this nature can be derived by talking the principle eigenvector of a square reciprocal matrix of pairwise comparisions between the criteria. The comparisons concern the relative importance of the two criteria involved in determining suitability for the stated objective. Ratings are provided on a 1 point continous scale.
However, in this research, the Arithmetric procedure (FAO, 1986) is used as the method of matching of factors, in which the indivitual assessments, expressed numerically, can be combined by multiplication (or by addition). In this method, each suitability class is assigned a value ranging from 1.0 to 0.0 depending on the level of importance and the suitability classes (Table 2). Once a suitability map has been prepared, it is common to undertaken a step of deciding upon which cells belong to the set that meets a particular land allocation area target (the decision set).
Table 2 : Assigned value for different suitability classes of difference level of impotance
| Level of Importance | Suitability classes | |||
| S1 | S2 | S3 | N | |
| Very Importance | 1 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Moderately importance | 1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0 |
| Less Importance | 1 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0 |
The diagnostic factors for of socio-infrastructure characteristics for different land use types in the Tan Phu Thanh village are based on the accessibility to the different infrastructure which affected to the socio-economic aspect, these factors including
- Accessibility to main road
- Accessibility to main rivers
- Accessibility to main market
- Accessibility to agricultural product processing factory
- Accessibility to seed supply (Animal, Fish, crops)
- Accessibility to Agricultural materials supply
Table 3: Accessibility suitability classes of all land use types in the research area
| Factor rating | Suitability Classes | |||
| S1 | S2 | S3 | N | |
| Accessibility classes | <1000 | 1000-5000 | >5000 | - |
Depending on the type of infrastructure, the accessibility to different infrastructure types will also affect to systems at different levels, since, the weight of different accessibility classes is also different for different infrastructure types. The next step will be done by assigning the weighted value for each suitability class and depending on the importance of factor, the weight value will be assigned from 0 to 1, hightly suitable will assign the value 1, moderately suitable will assign the value from 0.7 to 0.9, marginally suitable will assign the value 0.4 to 0.6 and Unsuitable will assign value 0.0. The weight assigned for different suitability classes is applied as the same methodology of FAO (1986). Detailed of assigned weight for diagnostic factors of different land use types is showned in below table, in which the S1 has the weight of 1 and S1 has the weight from 0.7 to 0.9 depending on the important level, S3 and N are not applied for the study area.
Table 4: Assigning weight for diagnostic factor of socio and insfrasctructure conditions for different Land use types in the Tan Phu Thanh village.
| Factor rating | Suitability classes | |||
| S1 | S2 | S3 | N | |
| Lut 1: Rice (DX) + Rice (HT) – Fish | ||||
| Accessibility to main road (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | - |
| Accessibility to main rivers (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | - |
| Accessibility to main market (m) | 1 | 0.8 | - | - |
| Accessibility to agricultural product processing factory (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery food suppy (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery hachery suppy (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to plant supply (m) | 1 | - | - | - |
| Accessibility to Agricultural material supply m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Lut 2: Rice (DX) + Rice (HT) + Rice (TD) – Fish | ||||
| Accessibility to main road (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | - |
| Accessibility to main rivers (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | - |
| Accessibility to main market (m) | 1 | 0.8 | - | - |
| Accessibility to agricultural product processing factory (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery food suppy (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery hachery suppy (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to plant supply (m) | 1 | - | - | - |
| Accessibility to Agricultural material supply m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Lut 3: Rice (DX) + Upland crops (XH) + Rice (TD) – Fish | ||||
| Accessibility to main road (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | - |
| Accessibility to main rivers (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | - |
| Accessibility to main market (m) | 1 | 0.8 | - | - |
| Accessibility to agricultural product processing factory (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery food suppy (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery hachery suppy (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to plant supply (m) | 1 | - | - | - |
| Accessibility to Agricultural material supply m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Lut 4: Upland crop (DX) + Upland (XH) + Rice (TD) – Fish | ||||
| Accessibility to main road (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | - |
| Accessibility to main rivers (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | - |
| Accessibility to main market (m) | 1 | 0.8 | - | - |
| Accessibility to agricultural product processing factory (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery food suppy (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery hachery suppy (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to plant supply (m) | 1 | - | - | - |
| Accessibility to Agricultural material supply m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Lut 5: Upland crops | ||||
| Accessibility to main road (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | |
| Accessibility to main rivers (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | |
| Accessibility to main market (m) | 1 | 0.8 | - | |
| Accessibility to agricultural product processing factory (m) | 1 | - | - | |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery food suppy (m) | 1 | - | - | |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery hachery suppy (m) | 1 | - | - | |
| Accessibility to plant supply (m) | 1 | - | - | |
| Accessibility to Agricultural material supply m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | |
| Lut 6: Fruit tree- Fish | ||||
| Accessibility to main road (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | - |
| Accessibility to main rivers (m) | 1 | 0.7 | - | - |
| Accessibility to main market (m) | 1 | 0.8 | - | - |
| Accessibility to agricultural product processing factory (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery food suppy (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Animal, Fishery hachery suppy (m) | 1 | 0.8 | - | - |
| Accessibility to plant supply (m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Accessibility to Agricultural material supply m) | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
Matching for suitability classification
Once the weight value assigned for each class of each map, all of maps of factors for each land use type will be multiplied together, its means these values are multiplied for all moderately or very importance land qualities. The product is converted back to an over all suitability by assigning above value. The output will be the suitability map for the land use type with the value from 0 to 1.0. The final reclassified map is the suitability map of selected land use type.
In oder to classify for the suitability classes, the GIS reclassification method will be applied, which :
| S1 : Highly suitable | assigned for all of value greater than 0.6 |
| S2 : Moderately suitable | assigned for all of value from 0.4 to 0.6 |
| S3 : Marginally suitable | assigned for all of value from 0.2 to 0.4 |
| N : Unsuitable | assigned for all of value less than 0.2 |
However, a structural problem with this procedure is that the large the number of qualities considered (other than with S1 suitability), the lower is the product. Therefore the same number of qualities must be used in all calculations that are to be compared; even if some of the qualities are not needed they are automatically given an assessment. There have been a number of studies in which, for a particular local area, good correlations have been obtained between overall suitability ratings obtained by this procedure and observed crop yields. If transferred from one area to another, however, the ratings will usually require adjudment, or calibration in relation to crop yields.
4. Results and discussion
The evaluation consists of two ways, that are (i) physical land evaluation and socio-infrastruc ture evaluation, which can be combined if it necessary for land use planner, the physical land evaluation mainly based on the physical conditons in which soil , hydrological conditions are the main factors for developing the criteria, but the socio-economic , infrastructure,..only considered in the part of description of land use types. The result of land evaluation can be used for planning based on physical condition. The second way of evaluation is based on the socio-infrastructure conditions to give more precisely results that related to the socio-economic conditions.
4.1. Land mapping units of the study area
Land mapping units are adopted as a basis for land evaluation in this study. These units are based on combinations of depth of inundation, depth of sulfidic layer occurrence and depth of topsoil layer. There are 13 soil mapping units which is identified in Tan Phu Thanh village. The description and extent of land mapping units are shown in Table 5 and Figure 1.
Figure 1 : Soil Mapping Unit of the study area
Table 5 : Extent of soil units in Tan Phu Thanh village
| Code | Soil types | Inundation depth (cm) | Depth of topsoil layer (cm) | Depth of pyritic layer (cm) | (ha) | (%) |
| 1 | Typic Tropaquepts, umbric, fluvic | 40-60 | >50 | Non-pyrite | 83.13 | 3.19 |
| 2 | Typic Tropaquepts, umbric, fluvic | 40-60 | 20-50 | Non-pyrite | 464.38 | 17.83 |
| 3 | Typic Tropaquepts, umbric, fluvic | 60-80 | 20-50 | Non-pyrite | 26.09 | 1.00 |
| 4 | Typic Tropaquepts, fluvic | 40-60 | <20 | Non-pyrite | 130.43 | 5.01 |
| 5 | Sulfic Tropaquepts Moderate Sufidic, umbric, fluvic | 40-60 | 20-50 | 80-120 | 23.02 | 0.88 |
| 6 | Sulfic Tropaquepts Moderate Sulfidic, umbric, fluvic | 60-80 | 20-50 | 80-120 | 142.06 | 5.45 |
| 7 | Suelfic Tropaquepts Moderate Suifidic, fluvic | 40-60 | 0-20 | 80-120 | 23.35 | 0.90 |
| 8 | Sulfic Tropaquepts Deep Sulfidic, umbric, fluvic | 20-40 | 20-50 | >120 | 214.17 | 8.22 |
| 9 | Sulfic Tropaquepts Deep Sulfidic, umbric, fluvic | 40-60 | 20-50 | >120 | 81.51 | 3.13 |
| 10 | Sulfic Tropaquepts Deep Sulfidic, umbric, fluvic | 60-80 | 20-50 | >120 | 93.10 | 3.57 |
| 11 | Sulfic Tropaquepts Deep Sulfidic. Fluvic | 40-60 | <20 | >120 | 10.03 | 0.39 |
| 12 | Sulfic Tropaquepts Deep Sulfidic, fluvic | 60-80 | <20 | >120 | 136.22 | 5.23 |
| 13 | Home-Fruit garden | 1176.94 | 45.19 | |||
| Total | 2604.44 | 100.00 |
4.2. Physical suitability classification
Land suitability classification involves the comparison of the land qualities of a land mapping unit (LMU) or the values of the diagnostic factors for a LMU with the requirements of a LUT (expressed in terms of factor ratings). This comparison is part of matching process. These partial suitability for separate land qualities must be combined to come the overall suitability of the LMU for the LUTs.
The land suitability classification is following the general methodology for land evaluation. The result is based on the comparison of the land qualities of each of the land mapping units with the requirements of each LUT which are expressed in terms of factor ratings. In assessing suitability for crop combinations, the first step is to obtain suitability assessments for each the crops concerned. In general, the suitability for a cropping system based on two or more crops will not be higher than the lowest of the crop assessments. The results of the land suitability classification are shown in Table 6. The subclasses in S2 and S3 are based on the following limitations:
- f : Maximum inundation depth for land quality: flooding hazard
- n : Thickness of topsoil for land quality : nutrient availability.
- a : depth of pyritic layer for land qualities of: acidity hazard.
Table 6: Present land suitability classification and area of LUTs in Tan Phu Thanh, Can Tho province.
| Code | Classification | LUT1 | LUT2 | LUT3 | LUT4 | LUT5 | LUT6 | |
| 1 | S1 | (ha) | 1127.5 | 866.2 | 843.2 | 843.2 | 843.2 | 843.2 |
| % | 43.3 | 33.3 | 32.4 | 32.4 | 32.4 | 32.4 | ||
| 2 | S2nf | (ha) | 300.0 | 561.3 | 584.3 | 584.3 | 186.8 | 186.8 |
| % | 11.5 | 21.6 | 22.4 | 22.4 | 7.2 | 7.2 | ||
| 3 | S3af | (ha) | - | - | - | - | 397.5 | 397.5 |
| % | - | - | - | - | 15.3 | 15.3 | ||
| 4 | N | (ha) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| % | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| 5 | Fruit garden | (ha) | 1176.9 | 1176.9 | 1176.9 | 1176.9 | 1176.9 | 1176.9 |
| % | 45.2 | 45.2 | 45.2 | 45.2 | 45.2 | 45.2 | ||
| Total | 2604.4 | 2604.4 | 2604.4 | 2604.4 | 2604.4 | 2604.4 | ||
From the results shown in Table 6, the zoning of land suitability classification were established. The land suitability classification zones are as basis for land use planning in term of physical conditions. The details of land suitability zones were shown in Table 7 and Figure 2.
Figure 2: Zoning of land suitability classification
Table 7: Zoning land suitability classification of land use types in the Tan Phu Thanh
a: limited by the depth of sulfuric horizon
f: limited by the depth of maximum flooding
The methodology for the assessment of socio-insfratructure is different as compared to physical land evaluation, in which the factors of insfrastructure accessibility are used as the major constraints effected to the classification of land use types. Results of suitability classification of land use types in high physical suitable zone that based on the socio-infrastruture conditions were showed in Table 8.
Table 8: The area of suitability classification of zones that highly suitable land use types in Tan Phu Thanh village based on socio-infrastructure conditions
| Land Use Types | Area | Suitability classes | Home + Fruit | Gardent Total | |||
| S1 | S2 | S3 | N | ||||
| LUT1 | Ha | 718.5 | 479.2 | 228.7 | 0.0 | 1178.0 | 2604.4 |
| % | 27.6 | 18.4 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 45.2 | 100.0 | |
| LUT2 | Ha | 718.5 | 479.2 | 228.7 | 0.0 | 1178.0 | 2604.4 |
| % | 27.6 | 18.4 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 45.2 | 100.0 | |
| LUT3 | Ha | 718.5 | 479.2 | 228.7 | 0.0 | 1178.0 | 2604.4 |
| % | 27.6 | 18.4 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 45.2 | 100.0 | |
| LUT4 | Ha | 718.5 | 479.2 | 228.7 | 0.0 | 1178.0 | 2604.4 |
| % | 27.6 | 18.4 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 45.2 | 100.0 | |
| LUT5 | Ha | 1198.1 | 228.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1177.8 | 2604.4 |
| % | 46.0 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 45.2 | 100.0 | |
| LUT6 | Ha | 802.3 | 624.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1177.8 | 2604.4 |
| % | 30.8 | 24.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 45.2 | 100.0 | |
From above table, and based on the criteria of socio and infrastructure conditions developed for suitability assessment of different land use types in the study area, LUT5 and 6 are more favorable than other LUTs, its mean that fruit and upland crops are more suitable than other LUTs to be developed in the study area because of the favorable of accessibility to the infrastructure such as roads, rivers, .. for product transpotation, local consumtion, export,..Other LUTs have the same extent of suitability of infrastructures. The result of this multicriteria analysis is a map (figure 3), that can be immediately consulted by decision-makers. If they are not satisfied, they can modify any subjective parameters in above table of factor rating and level of importance, until the result is conform to their point of view. These operations can be followed by a sensitivity analysis to identify the respective influence of the different subjective parameters
Figure 3 : Zoning of Infrastructure Accessibility suitability classification of the study area
The zoning of infrastructure accessibility suitability classfication showing that zone 1 has the largest area which highly suitable for all of LUTs (726,8 ha), and there are no unsuitable zone for LUTs. Since, the government or decision maker can use this result to develop a strategies for planning the infrastructure which favorable or suitable for all of LUTs to increase production or for product consumtion. The extent of zoning is showned in Table 9 and Figure 3.
Table 9: Extent of different zones of infrastructure accessibility suitability classification for different Land use types in Tan Phu Thanh
| Zone | Lut1 | Lut2 | Lut3 | Lut4 | Lut5 | Lut6 | Ha | % Ha |
| 1 | S1 | S1 | S1 | S1 | S1 | S1 | 726.85 | 27.91 |
| 2 | S2 | S2 | S2 | S2 | S1 | S1 | 72.33 | 2.78 |
| 3 | S2 | S2 | S2 | S2 | S2 | S2 | 398.19 | 15.29 |
| 4 | S3 | S3 | S3 | S3 | S2 | S2 | 228.87 | 8.79 |
| Home + Fruit Gardent | 1178.15 | 45.24 | ||||||
| Total | 2604.40 | 100.00 |
5. Conclusion and recomendations
5.1 Conclusion
- Six promising land use types were classified for suitability of 13 land mapping units in the Tan Phu Thanh village, in that 4 zones for highly suitable class of land use types were indentified.
- Accessibilty to the roads, main rivers (transportation); school (education) and agricultural materials supply and seed supply (inputs) were identified as the characteristics of the socio-infrastructure conditions that used for suitability classification of land use types in different zones that classifified as highly suitable.
- LUT5 has largest area that give high suitability of land under those conditions. The reason is that most of LUT5 located mainly along the river and main road.
- This study is just to test some characteristics of socio-economic that affected to the suitability classification of land use types based on the highly physical classification of land mapping units. Therefore, it just give primary results.
- For further study, we propose to select more socio-economic characteristics for land use requirements in combination to the physical characrteristics in the same land unit.
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