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Abstract
High spatial resolution remote sensing such as IKONOS satellite and its sensors have the potential for more detailed and accurate mapping of urban land cover and land use. In this study we tried to focus on the spectral properties of urban materials and their representation, and mapping specially mapping of vegetation cover area. The vegetation cover maps inside the city include the vegetation types and areas. Remote sensing data and some software such as ERDAS produce vegetation and land use maps, then we Compared the vegetation cover maps with the indicators green coverage of the constructed area items for the national environmental model city system in china, Taking Nanjing city capital of Jiang Su province as a case study, this investigation tried to see if the development of Nanjing city takes into account the urban green cover to fit the proper living conditions for the residents.
Introduction:
The work presented in this paper deals with one of the major items for the national environmental city in China. The objective of the project is to advance the planning and the design of urban green space depending on the green cover maps. These maps were prepared using high spatial resolution remote sensing data. In this project, methodologies are developed in order to identify the types and variety of green spaces that best satisfy people's requirements and to identifying the need area from the green caver within city. Urban parks provide an essential contribution to the citizen’s quality of life, they diffuse life long learning and encourage neighborhood activities helping to reinforce urban communities.
It was established that strategic planning can maximize the contribution of urban green space to quality of life. Three-dimensional visualization plays a key role in the Green space project, by allowing people to discover existing and hypothetical scenarios of urban green sites. The biophysical and microclimatological role and function of vegetation in urban landscapes can help to know how the green space is important. The process of urbanization replaces natural features such as vegetation and bare soil with built material for residential and commercial buildings, roadways and parking lots. Along with these structural changes, urbanization also influences metabolic modifications, since the concentration of human activities increases the emissions of heat, water vapor and pollutants.
An increase of vegetated surfaces in the urban landscape can help mitigate several negative effects of urbanization on climate, air pollution, since they contribute to the reduction of the structural differences between the urban area and its rural surrounding. The mitigation processes operated by the vegetation take place both through biophysical and microclimatological properties.
What are the major items for the national environmental model city?
The Examination Items for the National Environmental Model City
This table shows the green cover is an item to evaluate the environmental model city, and the green coverage of constructed area should be greater than 30%. It's determining the percentage of total constructed area of the city, that main criteria for green coverage maps.
3-The Importance of Surveying And Mapping in Urban Plannning :
To study urban planning project within a city it needs a regular map to describe and present the city well as the map can be a basic tool for urban planning study, as we know there are many ways to create the maps such as traditional surveying and mapping, global positioning system (GPS) technology, photogrammetry aerial photographs (optical photo and Digital photo), and remote sensing (high- resolution images).
This study discusses about the extraction of urban green space from an IKONOS image and ERDAS software as remote sensing program, the methodology is basically concerned with the object spectral features, in test area of image the spectral characteristic of different features in all 4 bands and analyzed.
Provided the biophysical characteristic of the study area, a method to create the vegetation map is based on two kinds of image:
The study case is located in Nanjing city (32.03N, 118.47 E) at JIANG SU province in China.
And in this research there are two methods will used to extract the green space maps.
1- The first method employed texture algorithm was ran on five images at Nanjing city in (NDVI >0.08) that can shows the vegetation map for the test area this method adopted after making attribute for (NDVI)and the following images show parts of green space are extracted from NDVI attribute.
The next images extracted from (NDVI >0.08) for five areas and it called in this study (A) method and the raster attribute edit shows the pixels number of green space at method (A)
Area 1
Area 2
The fifth area is farming and agriculture land
2- The second method is depending upon Near-infrared at red reflectance (IR/R) and the algorithm for this method was:
The last mathematical model was founded and used to extract the green space, and the next images show the green areas that extracted by two methods (A) and (B) from second area that located at the center of Nanjing city.
In the (B) method we have seen green information of test area then parts of non-green space appeared and it need to be eliminate, but when we making model to comber the two methods as difference between (B) and (A) {(B)-(A)}, we have founded that many pixels are belong to green space and few of them belong to non-green space and the following images show the difference.
The next images have shown non-green space:
The result:
After the two extraction methods used, we obtain two kinds of maps describing the green space at five areas in Nanjing one of them is an agriculture land, the following tables and charts give the idea about the percentage of the green space for each area, finally it tells about the green space area from the total test area.
The last table has shown that the percentage of green space at the total area it still less than need for suitable living conditions and the following images can show the comparing between EKONOS image and aerial photo belong to the second area at the center of Nanjing city at 2002 when the sup way project has taken place under construction .
Conclusion:
This research paper focused on extracting the green space maps from high resolution images satellites ,and we used two methods to create these maps ,the first one is depend upon (NDVI) function and the model is {(NDVI) >0.08} the second method is depend on (IR/R)function and the mathematical model is {(5(IR/R)×(IR/R)-(IR/R) >10}.
And these results by two methods are nearer, but the second method looked more correct to describe the green space.
Despite there are some pixels as areas non- green space appeared, and it is need to remove from the image, but the second method (B) probably more accurate than first method, because the mathematical model in the second method gives more weight for the spectrums at band 4 (near-inferred), that’s mean band4 is very important to describe the vegetation and the green space.
On the other hand, the percentage of the green space at two methods was leas than the percentage that limited by national environmental model city, special at the center of the Nanjing city.
The new constructions project in the second test area (Nanjing city center) removed many of green space that will give negative affections about climate and land space.
It is now clear that there is green space at the center of city was trees on roads sides and some grass areas around some important building such as five stars hotels. Recommendation for urban center Nanjing city is need for more green area coverage and to increase the urban vegetation area to mitigate climate and decrease the pollution to find a good environmental with fresh are ,and try to give a suitable living condition for the citizens and peoples who's living and working at the center of Nanjing city.
References:
Suitable living condition within cities
Rami Badawi ,
GIS & RS Laboratory,
Department of Urban and Resources Sciences,
Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
E-mail: ramibadawi@yahoo.com
Feng Xue Zhi ,
Zhang You Shui1
Rami Badawi ,
GIS & RS Laboratory,
Department of Urban and Resources Sciences,
Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
E-mail: ramibadawi@yahoo.com
Feng Xue Zhi ,
Zhang You Shui1
Abstract
High spatial resolution remote sensing such as IKONOS satellite and its sensors have the potential for more detailed and accurate mapping of urban land cover and land use. In this study we tried to focus on the spectral properties of urban materials and their representation, and mapping specially mapping of vegetation cover area. The vegetation cover maps inside the city include the vegetation types and areas. Remote sensing data and some software such as ERDAS produce vegetation and land use maps, then we Compared the vegetation cover maps with the indicators green coverage of the constructed area items for the national environmental model city system in china, Taking Nanjing city capital of Jiang Su province as a case study, this investigation tried to see if the development of Nanjing city takes into account the urban green cover to fit the proper living conditions for the residents.
Introduction:
The work presented in this paper deals with one of the major items for the national environmental city in China. The objective of the project is to advance the planning and the design of urban green space depending on the green cover maps. These maps were prepared using high spatial resolution remote sensing data. In this project, methodologies are developed in order to identify the types and variety of green spaces that best satisfy people's requirements and to identifying the need area from the green caver within city. Urban parks provide an essential contribution to the citizen’s quality of life, they diffuse life long learning and encourage neighborhood activities helping to reinforce urban communities.
It was established that strategic planning can maximize the contribution of urban green space to quality of life. Three-dimensional visualization plays a key role in the Green space project, by allowing people to discover existing and hypothetical scenarios of urban green sites. The biophysical and microclimatological role and function of vegetation in urban landscapes can help to know how the green space is important. The process of urbanization replaces natural features such as vegetation and bare soil with built material for residential and commercial buildings, roadways and parking lots. Along with these structural changes, urbanization also influences metabolic modifications, since the concentration of human activities increases the emissions of heat, water vapor and pollutants.
An increase of vegetated surfaces in the urban landscape can help mitigate several negative effects of urbanization on climate, air pollution, since they contribute to the reduction of the structural differences between the urban area and its rural surrounding. The mitigation processes operated by the vegetation take place both through biophysical and microclimatological properties.
What are the major items for the national environmental model city?
The Examination Items for the National Environmental Model City
| No. | Item | Requirements |
| 1 | Quantitative examination of the urban environmental comprehensive improvement | Ranks top in the last three years continually. |
| 2 | Named with "the National Sanitary City" | Has passed the examination for the National Sanitary City. |
| 3 | Index of the environmental protection investment | > 1.5% of the city GDP |
| 4 | Per Capital GDP | > 10,000 Yuan per person |
| 5 | Economy Increasing Rate | > average National Increasing Rate |
| 6 | Population Increasing Rate naturally | < National planned target |
| 7 | Energy consumption for per GDP unit | < national average |
| 8 | Water consumption for per GDP unit | < national average |
| 9 | Air Pollution Indices | API < 100 by using automatic and consecutive air monitoring system |
| 10 | Compliance rate of the water quality at the source area for the center-supplied drinking water | >96 percent |
| 11 | Compliance rate of water quality in functional zones | 100 percent and no worse than water quality Grade V appeared in urban area |
| 12 | Average value for district environmental noise | <60dB(A) |
| 13 | Average noise value for main roads | <70dB(A) |
| 14 | Coverage of natural reserves | > 5 percent of the city |
| 15 | Green coverage of the constructed area | > 30 percent |
| 16 | Treatment rate of the urban domestic waste water | > 50 percent |
| 17 | Compliance rate of the industrial waste water discharge | 100 percent |
| 18 | Gas utilization rate in urban area | > 90 percent |
| 19 | Central heating rate | Only suitable for cities in the north China |
| 20 | Dish armful disposal rate of domestic solid wastes | > 90 percent |
| 21 | Comprehensive reuse rate of industrial solid wastes | > 70 percent, and no any discharge of dangerous industrial waste |
| 22 | Coverage of smoke and dust controlled area | > 90 percent |
| 23 | Coverage of compliance rate of environmental noise | > 60 percent |
| 24 | Information related to the Regular meetings on environmental protection hold by the City CP Committee and/or City Government | > One time per year |
| 25 | Independent environmental protection institutional structure | Establish/complete the independent environmental protection institutions. |
| 26 | Public satisfaction rate for urban environment | survey for not less than 0.01 percent of the population and satisfaction rate > 60 percent |
| 27 | To implement the plan on the abatement of the total amount of the pollutant discharge, to vote any project with the new potential pollution just by environmental protection issue and to include the environmental protection into the social and economic development plan | Related plans or documents are accord with the requirement of the examination for the model city.To complete the abatement plan on time. |
> Greater than; < Lesser than
This table shows the green cover is an item to evaluate the environmental model city, and the green coverage of constructed area should be greater than 30%. It's determining the percentage of total constructed area of the city, that main criteria for green coverage maps.
3-The Importance of Surveying And Mapping in Urban Plannning :
To study urban planning project within a city it needs a regular map to describe and present the city well as the map can be a basic tool for urban planning study, as we know there are many ways to create the maps such as traditional surveying and mapping, global positioning system (GPS) technology, photogrammetry aerial photographs (optical photo and Digital photo), and remote sensing (high- resolution images).
This study discusses about the extraction of urban green space from an IKONOS image and ERDAS software as remote sensing program, the methodology is basically concerned with the object spectral features, in test area of image the spectral characteristic of different features in all 4 bands and analyzed.
Provided the biophysical characteristic of the study area, a method to create the vegetation map is based on two kinds of image:
-
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) {(IR-R)/(IR+R)} which means
{(band4-band3) / (band4+band3)}. - Near-infrared at red reflectance (IR/R) that's mean {(band4/band3)}.
The study case is located in Nanjing city (32.03N, 118.47 E) at JIANG SU province in China.
And in this research there are two methods will used to extract the green space maps.
1- The first method employed texture algorithm was ran on five images at Nanjing city in (NDVI >0.08) that can shows the vegetation map for the test area this method adopted after making attribute for (NDVI)and the following images show parts of green space are extracted from NDVI attribute.
The next images extracted from (NDVI >0.08) for five areas and it called in this study (A) method and the raster attribute edit shows the pixels number of green space at method (A)
Area 1
Area 2
The fifth area is farming and agriculture land
2- The second method is depending upon Near-infrared at red reflectance (IR/R) and the algorithm for this method was:
The last mathematical model was founded and used to extract the green space, and the next images show the green areas that extracted by two methods (A) and (B) from second area that located at the center of Nanjing city.
In the (B) method we have seen green information of test area then parts of non-green space appeared and it need to be eliminate, but when we making model to comber the two methods as difference between (B) and (A) {(B)-(A)}, we have founded that many pixels are belong to green space and few of them belong to non-green space and the following images show the difference.
The next images have shown non-green space:
The result:
After the two extraction methods used, we obtain two kinds of maps describing the green space at five areas in Nanjing one of them is an agriculture land, the following tables and charts give the idea about the percentage of the green space for each area, finally it tells about the green space area from the total test area.
| 1 | Green space | Remaining | total area | Ratio | Green space difference1 | Images difference2 |
| A | 629584 | 3087272 | 3716856 | 0.169386169 | 75088 | 85196 |
| B | 704672 | 3012184 | 3716856 | 0.18958819 | ||
| 2 | green space | Remaining | total area | Ratio | Green space difference1 | difference2 |
| A | 105750 | 2363850 | 2469600 | 0.0428207 | 7425 | 13725 |
| B | 113175 | 2356425 | 2469600 | 0.045827259 | ||
| 3 | green space | Remaining | total area | percentage ratio | Green space difference1 | difference2 |
| A | 94214 | 3081607 | 3175821 | 0.02966603 | 13872 | 18207 |
| B | 108086 | 3067735 | 3175821 | 0.034034034 | ||
| 4 | green space | Remaining | total area | Ratio | Green space difference1 | difference2 |
| A | 168000 | 3914400 | 4082400 | 0.041152263 | 22800 | 29600 |
| B | 190800 | 3891600 | 4082400 | 0.046737213 | ||
| 5 | green space | Remaining | total area | Ratio | Green space difference1 | difference2 |
| A | 4096597 | 12883184 | 16979781 | 0.241263241 | 272322 | 541282 |
| B | 4368919 | 12610862 | 16979781 | 0.257301257 | ||
The last table has shown that the percentage of green space at the total area it still less than need for suitable living conditions and the following images can show the comparing between EKONOS image and aerial photo belong to the second area at the center of Nanjing city at 2002 when the sup way project has taken place under construction .
Conclusion:
This research paper focused on extracting the green space maps from high resolution images satellites ,and we used two methods to create these maps ,the first one is depend upon (NDVI) function and the model is {(NDVI) >0.08} the second method is depend on (IR/R)function and the mathematical model is {(5(IR/R)×(IR/R)-(IR/R) >10}.
And these results by two methods are nearer, but the second method looked more correct to describe the green space.
Despite there are some pixels as areas non- green space appeared, and it is need to remove from the image, but the second method (B) probably more accurate than first method, because the mathematical model in the second method gives more weight for the spectrums at band 4 (near-inferred), that’s mean band4 is very important to describe the vegetation and the green space.
On the other hand, the percentage of the green space at two methods was leas than the percentage that limited by national environmental model city, special at the center of the Nanjing city.
The new constructions project in the second test area (Nanjing city center) removed many of green space that will give negative affections about climate and land space.
It is now clear that there is green space at the center of city was trees on roads sides and some grass areas around some important building such as five stars hotels. Recommendation for urban center Nanjing city is need for more green area coverage and to increase the urban vegetation area to mitigate climate and decrease the pollution to find a good environmental with fresh are ,and try to give a suitable living condition for the citizens and peoples who's living and working at the center of Nanjing city.
References:
- Aspinall, R.J. and Hill, M.J. (1997) Land Cover Change: A Method for Assessing the Reliability of Land Cover Changes Measured from Remotely Sensed Data. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Singapore, August, Vol. 1, pp.269-271.
- Atkinson, P.M. (1997) Selecting the Spatial Resolution of Airborne MSS Imager for Small-Scale Agricultural Mapping, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 18, No. 9, pp.1903-1917.
- Atkinson, P.M. and Curran, P.J. (1997) Choosing an Appropriate Spatial Resolution for Remote Sensing Investigations, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 63, No. 12, pp.1345-1351. Deer, P.J. (1998) A Quantitative Comparison of Traditional Classification Approaches, Proceedings of 9th Australasian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference, Sydney, July, CD-ROM.
- Dikshit, O. and Roy, D.P. (1996) An Empirical Evaluation of Image Resampling Effects Upon the Spectral and Textural Supervised Classification of a High Spatial Resolution Multispectral Image, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 62, No.9, pp.1085-1092.
- Djamdji, J.P., Bijaoui, A. and Maniere, R. (1993) Geometrical Registration of Images: the Multiresolution Approach, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 59, No. 5, pp.645-653.
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