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Presenting urban development model by using environmental models &GIS & RS, North-West of Tehran
Alireza Gharagozlou
Manager of Public Relations and International Affairs of National
Cartographic Center of Iran(NCC)
B.S in survey engineering, M.S and PhD in environmental management
Email : agharagozlu@yahoo.com, a-ghara@ncc.neda.net.ir
Presenting urban development model by using environmental models &GIS & RS, North-West of Tehran
Alireza Gharagozlou
Manager of Public Relations and International Affairs of National
Cartographic Center of Iran(NCC)
B.S in survey engineering, M.S and PhD in environmental management
Email : agharagozlu@yahoo.com, a-ghara@ncc.neda.net.ir
Geographic information systems (GIS)
From 1980's application of GIS has been largely expanded so that in developed countries, most universities, commercial organizations and governments use these systems for different purposes. Based on the application of GIS, spatial operation in a geographic information system and the possibility of spatial analysis of the features and the relationship between them based on the geographical coordinates, the GIS has been developed in different parts according to the needs of each region and country. Also in Iran, during the last decade, GIS has been used vastly for identification of resources and management of urban and environmental projects. But the practice of analyzing the development models by using GIS in urban development planning is a new experience.
Presenting an urban development model for North-West of Tehran by using GIS and RS for analysis & planning
In advance to presenting an urban development model, the results of satellite images processing related to the main land use changes in the North-West of Tehran (district22) are presented aiming to study the past and the process of changes and then proper models for development by using environmental models are presented . By using the extracted results from satellite images and RS technology and by comparison of the main land use changes in the city of Tehran during the recent years, the most important amount of changes in physical specification and conditions of Tehran such as water conditions, open areas, gardens, fields, green areas, and installations and buildings during the years 1984 to 1998 are extracted by using Land Sat TM-7 images.
The statistics reveals a noticeable reduction of farm lands and gardens in district22 of Tehran which can be quite effective in overall physiognomy of the district .The other fixed natural resources of the district too, have been overused so that it has resulted to environmental destruction of the area .This means the expansion of urban limits and so the destruction and reduction of natural resources and open areas of the district while such natural resources and open areas are of great importance in an urban management system. The amount of residential areas during a period of study shows a 15% growth while there is no growth in the amount of green areas. The amount of farm lands and gardens have been declined and open areas and lands have been reduced, therefore we can conclude that most of the constructions have been in open areas and some in place of gardens.
In addition, by using satellite images have provided a chart of geographical changes and conditions of the district have been provided which are presented on the base of comparison. In the presented urban development model, at first, the ecological potential of development of the region has been provided. By using the digital map of Tehran, coordinates of specific points which could be identified in satellite images and maps have been extracted. Geometrical corrections, for image to map adjustment have been done by PCI software. It should be considered that number and dispersion of the points for geometrical corrections have been studied and adjusted according to technical specifications of the work and10 locations in the region of Tehran have been used.
All the necessary preprocessing in order to improve the quality of images such as: contrast enhancement, filtering and fusion have been done before data processing. Also the combination of data related to digital maps of the district have been applied for adjustment and correction of satellite data. Geographical and water networks, political boundaries and population centers, transportation network, elevations, topographic lines and names of the locations are extracted from the maps of the district and used for combination of data and expressiveness of the image in order to identify the region. By using the supervised classification method, the result of changes in land use for a defined period of time is calculated and extracted and presented in a table. The results are used for study of physical changes of city and then; in the phase of analysis, by using GIS for land use planning.
Statistics related to land use changes (per km2) between 1984 to 1998 of district22 (North-West) of Tehran (Land Sat-TM) Satellite images
To present urban model, the ecological specifications of Iran and the region have been studied and then assessed and classified. Then through comparison, and by considering the specifications of studied area the model is provided and the best locations for urban development with residential and administrative application, recreational application, industrial and workshop application and athletic and cultural application are determined and then presented as maps in GIS. To provide and present urban development models, the studies that have been made during the last 30 years are used and the made model is applied for determination of the best potentials of the land and having the optimal ecological parameters for assessment of urban development. That can used in GIS in order to analyze the data and assess the ecological potentials, Some of the simplified conceptual models are brought at the end of the paper.
At the same time, a lot of basic studies have been used to improve the quality of the models. These studies are wide and with different aspects. The made models have also the capability of inversion into geographical, mathematical and conceptual models too which some of them have been presented in the paper. As the North - West region of Tehran which is case of study has been included in urban development projects in some parts, all standards and operational regulations of Iran in conservation of environment have been considered in the model for extracting the final applications of each location.
Some of the sources and researches that have been used for presenting the model of urban development are as followings:
Some of the environmental standards that are considered in the model are as followings:
1 Causing any kind of abnormal cacophony function, extensive vibrations, smoke and other air pollution factors, smell, radioactive radiation, solid and liquid wastes are prohibited and all of these factors should be omitted from protected area during identified project performance, and this condition has been considered in the model.
2 Sound protection standards (recommend by Wilson Committee in England. There are 10 articles in the principles of Tehran Comprehensive Project, which indicates the maximum and minimum noise intensity for different urban spaces with different functions which are used in the presented model.) Since it takes a long time, some examples have been brought in the paper. For more detailed descriptions, you can refer to Tehran Comprehensive Plan.
3 Establishment of a green belt zone by planting ever-green trees around noise pollution factors.(More details about how to lessen the sound intensity ,have been considered in Comprehensive Plan of Tehran .) the details of controlling noise pollution are used in the model .
4 To prevent the pollution of underground waters of Tehran, principles suggested in Tehran Comprehensive Plan are used in the model. In order to evacuate the hog-wash of home, commercial, administrative and industrial sewages, some standards have been suggested in the plan. Preparing the specified spaces to gather the additions and garbage of consumption materials, have also been used in this project.
Meanwhile compounding datum resulted from remote sensing technology and the analysis of changes are presented as specification of the model during last decades, but not as a case study. It means that in all studies of urban development, as we are facing with very quick changes, especially in Tehran and other large cities of Iran, we need to review the last experiences and investigate the process of changes. To identify the other physical resources, digital maps of Tehran at the scale of 1:10000 are used in this project. The Arcveiw software has been chosen for identification of operations and for analysis and assessment .It not only has the capabilities of search and data retrieval, but also is able to analyze the spatial information, together with network and three-dimensional analysis capability. Meanwhile, in order to identify and analyze the specifications of land-use changes during the last decades the PCI software has been chosen.
Suitable patterns for presenting model of urban applications in Tehran
1-Suitable pattern for parks and green areas application:
A 25% slope as well as, East and South geographical directions and the altitude of 1800 meter are acceptable. Constructing green areas suitable with bio- climate of the industrial areas as well as highways spaces and big installations spaces with 10-100 meter depth based on neighboring status of the urban operations with considering current executive regulations for keeping bio-environment, comprehensive plans of trees (those trees bearing sharp leaves or those having permanent leaves ) creating ; suitable situation with mentioned conditions at lakes and mountains area 1400m-1800m with suitable soil and water accessibility. It's recommended to keep the existing, natural and public parts as well as surrounding orchards and areas.
2- Suitable pattern for residential application:
A slope lower than 9%; height lower than 1800m; south foot hill of geographical directions; bed rock; sandstone , basalt run ; alluvial fan; limb stone ;clay stone; Granite ; crack tuffs ; runs between pleats ; loss ; alluviums(alluvial fan , valley constructing alluviums; water resources at least 150 lit/day for each person individual not be into the direction of whirlwind ; seasonal wind and not to be located on the faults and earthquake areas.
They also should not locate at dry beds of the rivers, flood way and natural waterway passes .Do not places on water , electricity transfer way and bears authorized distance and have the lowest distance to urban , service and commercial area and be far from the industrial and workshop area ; do not placed at urban installations and equipment , public green areas , parks and lakes , spaces, roads network and transportation networks ; have the nearest accessibility ways to other urban area through public transfer .transportation networks at the region should bear the lowest distance with the said facilities . At residential place finding distances from highways, main streets and surrounding places of industrial and installation centers as well as those areas creating noise and air pollution should be observed .Meanwhile neighboring with companies , districts , residential area should be considered and the best service and urban facilities and places at least at 5 KM distance .
3- Suitable patterns for workshop and industrial application:
Placed at the slop lover than 9%; south and east and west geographical directions should be observed and constructed at the highs up to 1400m .industrial centers should not cover underground waters reservoirs and does not apply agricultural soils. Don't hazard the safely of natural areas of the region do not placed at the borders of parks, tourist areas and recreation clubs and secure monuments .Don't pollute recreation centers located on rural area and don't cause qualitative loss of such areas; be far from river, lakes and orchards, be at standard distances of residential and commercial centers so that the said centers will be in adequate distance for probable environmental damages that may cause; (Refer to environmental protection standards of the Comprehensive Plan in Iran) ;Green areas with mentioned suitable distances at the environment comprehensive protection plan should be considered at industrial areas.
4- Suitable pattern for recreational application:
Topography conditions at sightseeing and tourist area should be at least between the height 1200-1800m.Slope up to 15% is acceptable. For the area used by those tourists who want to spent their leisure time at indoor area ecological model of Iran for urban development plan has been used.
All geographical directions could be determined based on season. Climate and weather of the area has been assessed for Iran ecological model; Not to be in the neighboring of industrial workshops (Refer to environmental protection standards of the Comprehensive Plan in Iran); Not to cause any problems for installations and urban facilities and to be at least at 10km distance; The former sight seeing and tourist situations kept and empowered at concerned area; neighboring area of rivers and lakes was used; Suitable area such as parks, Attractive area and public green areas should be included 9%-25% slope with any soil and rock conditions at the view of recreational places is acceptable and for mountain climbing slopes higher than 25% is acceptable.
The simplified conceptual model for positioning of recreational development in district22 of Tehran
The simplified positioning conceptual model of residential development in district 22 of Tehran by considering geological conditions and air pollution
Summary and Conclusions:
District22 in the northwestern of Tehran with an area of about 10000 hectare is located at the West part of Tehran and is restricted by Alborz mountain chain in the North , Kan River in the East , Tehran-Karaj freeway in the South and short mountains of Karevansarasangi in the west. The foot heels of Alborz mountains chain, proper topographic situation, forest park of Chitgar , three major valley rivers which all are located in this part of metropolitan city of Tehran , provides a unique environmental sightseeing . The existing urban construction have occupied less than 15% of this area . Three major east to west highways and two highways from the north to the south and three major south to north highways together with Tehran - karaj subway has provided a proper network to connect this area to other parts of the capital. Based on drawings from GIS analysis there is no doubt that natural and ecological capacities of Tehran district22 of proper place for construction, recreation, tourism and cultural purposes.
The existence of the natural gardens and recreation centers and also considering the results from RS analysis shows that urban development plans in the field of trading , administrative and industrial operation have limited the capacities in that area . Attached maps in this paper the importance of environmental models for urban development. The maps of environment pollution control have been provided by using GIS and models and GIS which are presented in the model and this is in addition to determination of natural potentials of the district which its related maps have also presented. On the other hand, using advanced systems for identification, organizing and planning in development projects such as GIS systems seem to be of great importance at present and future . In this paper modeling for urban development and applying efficient systems of GIS for this purpose are jointly presented . Using models of determination of ecological capabilities and methods of determination for ecological and social capacities as well as environmental conditions of the city and applying standards at final in making urban development models while using GIS for assessment, planning and urban development management are of achievements of this paper .Also emphasize on identification of the background of the land and urban changes term through RS systems is recommended as the most suitable method in urban studies and development plans .
From 1980's application of GIS has been largely expanded so that in developed countries, most universities, commercial organizations and governments use these systems for different purposes. Based on the application of GIS, spatial operation in a geographic information system and the possibility of spatial analysis of the features and the relationship between them based on the geographical coordinates, the GIS has been developed in different parts according to the needs of each region and country. Also in Iran, during the last decade, GIS has been used vastly for identification of resources and management of urban and environmental projects. But the practice of analyzing the development models by using GIS in urban development planning is a new experience.
Presenting an urban development model for North-West of Tehran by using GIS and RS for analysis & planning
In advance to presenting an urban development model, the results of satellite images processing related to the main land use changes in the North-West of Tehran (district22) are presented aiming to study the past and the process of changes and then proper models for development by using environmental models are presented . By using the extracted results from satellite images and RS technology and by comparison of the main land use changes in the city of Tehran during the recent years, the most important amount of changes in physical specification and conditions of Tehran such as water conditions, open areas, gardens, fields, green areas, and installations and buildings during the years 1984 to 1998 are extracted by using Land Sat TM-7 images.
The statistics reveals a noticeable reduction of farm lands and gardens in district22 of Tehran which can be quite effective in overall physiognomy of the district .The other fixed natural resources of the district too, have been overused so that it has resulted to environmental destruction of the area .This means the expansion of urban limits and so the destruction and reduction of natural resources and open areas of the district while such natural resources and open areas are of great importance in an urban management system. The amount of residential areas during a period of study shows a 15% growth while there is no growth in the amount of green areas. The amount of farm lands and gardens have been declined and open areas and lands have been reduced, therefore we can conclude that most of the constructions have been in open areas and some in place of gardens.
In addition, by using satellite images have provided a chart of geographical changes and conditions of the district have been provided which are presented on the base of comparison. In the presented urban development model, at first, the ecological potential of development of the region has been provided. By using the digital map of Tehran, coordinates of specific points which could be identified in satellite images and maps have been extracted. Geometrical corrections, for image to map adjustment have been done by PCI software. It should be considered that number and dispersion of the points for geometrical corrections have been studied and adjusted according to technical specifications of the work and10 locations in the region of Tehran have been used.
All the necessary preprocessing in order to improve the quality of images such as: contrast enhancement, filtering and fusion have been done before data processing. Also the combination of data related to digital maps of the district have been applied for adjustment and correction of satellite data. Geographical and water networks, political boundaries and population centers, transportation network, elevations, topographic lines and names of the locations are extracted from the maps of the district and used for combination of data and expressiveness of the image in order to identify the region. By using the supervised classification method, the result of changes in land use for a defined period of time is calculated and extracted and presented in a table. The results are used for study of physical changes of city and then; in the phase of analysis, by using GIS for land use planning.
| Year | Residential | Non residential | Green zone (public) | Green zone (private) | Farms/gardens | Open Lands | Water |
| 1984 | 2.07 | 6.05 | 9.38 | 2.38 | 3.53 | 88.81 | 0.23 |
| 1994 | 3.71 | 6.75 | 9.41 | 1.94 | 3.19 | 86.79 | 0.23 |
| 1998 | 4.00 | 6.82 | 9.41 | 2.34 | 3.2 | 86.43 | 0.23 |
To present urban model, the ecological specifications of Iran and the region have been studied and then assessed and classified. Then through comparison, and by considering the specifications of studied area the model is provided and the best locations for urban development with residential and administrative application, recreational application, industrial and workshop application and athletic and cultural application are determined and then presented as maps in GIS. To provide and present urban development models, the studies that have been made during the last 30 years are used and the made model is applied for determination of the best potentials of the land and having the optimal ecological parameters for assessment of urban development. That can used in GIS in order to analyze the data and assess the ecological potentials, Some of the simplified conceptual models are brought at the end of the paper.
At the same time, a lot of basic studies have been used to improve the quality of the models. These studies are wide and with different aspects. The made models have also the capability of inversion into geographical, mathematical and conceptual models too which some of them have been presented in the paper. As the North - West region of Tehran which is case of study has been included in urban development projects in some parts, all standards and operational regulations of Iran in conservation of environment have been considered in the model for extracting the final applications of each location.
Some of the sources and researches that have been used for presenting the model of urban development are as followings:
- Ecological model of urban, rural and industrial development of Iran.
- The executive procedures and regulations of new comprehensive development project of Tehran (Executive regulations for conservation of environment )
- The urban development suggestions presented by the Center of Studies and Researches of Ministry of Housing and Urban Development.
- The qualitative standards in urban development provided by the Urban Planning Studies Group of Ministry of Interior.
- National physical Plan of Iran and the research of development possibilities of water resources and distribution of population.
- The data available in national atlas of Iran, atlas of environment and atlas of urban planning.
- The extracted data from the studies of Geological organization of Iran.
Some of the environmental standards that are considered in the model are as followings:
1 Causing any kind of abnormal cacophony function, extensive vibrations, smoke and other air pollution factors, smell, radioactive radiation, solid and liquid wastes are prohibited and all of these factors should be omitted from protected area during identified project performance, and this condition has been considered in the model.
2 Sound protection standards (recommend by Wilson Committee in England. There are 10 articles in the principles of Tehran Comprehensive Project, which indicates the maximum and minimum noise intensity for different urban spaces with different functions which are used in the presented model.) Since it takes a long time, some examples have been brought in the paper. For more detailed descriptions, you can refer to Tehran Comprehensive Plan.
3 Establishment of a green belt zone by planting ever-green trees around noise pollution factors.(More details about how to lessen the sound intensity ,have been considered in Comprehensive Plan of Tehran .) the details of controlling noise pollution are used in the model .
4 To prevent the pollution of underground waters of Tehran, principles suggested in Tehran Comprehensive Plan are used in the model. In order to evacuate the hog-wash of home, commercial, administrative and industrial sewages, some standards have been suggested in the plan. Preparing the specified spaces to gather the additions and garbage of consumption materials, have also been used in this project.
Meanwhile compounding datum resulted from remote sensing technology and the analysis of changes are presented as specification of the model during last decades, but not as a case study. It means that in all studies of urban development, as we are facing with very quick changes, especially in Tehran and other large cities of Iran, we need to review the last experiences and investigate the process of changes. To identify the other physical resources, digital maps of Tehran at the scale of 1:10000 are used in this project. The Arcveiw software has been chosen for identification of operations and for analysis and assessment .It not only has the capabilities of search and data retrieval, but also is able to analyze the spatial information, together with network and three-dimensional analysis capability. Meanwhile, in order to identify and analyze the specifications of land-use changes during the last decades the PCI software has been chosen.
Suitable patterns for presenting model of urban applications in Tehran
1-Suitable pattern for parks and green areas application:
A 25% slope as well as, East and South geographical directions and the altitude of 1800 meter are acceptable. Constructing green areas suitable with bio- climate of the industrial areas as well as highways spaces and big installations spaces with 10-100 meter depth based on neighboring status of the urban operations with considering current executive regulations for keeping bio-environment, comprehensive plans of trees (those trees bearing sharp leaves or those having permanent leaves ) creating ; suitable situation with mentioned conditions at lakes and mountains area 1400m-1800m with suitable soil and water accessibility. It's recommended to keep the existing, natural and public parts as well as surrounding orchards and areas.
2- Suitable pattern for residential application:
A slope lower than 9%; height lower than 1800m; south foot hill of geographical directions; bed rock; sandstone , basalt run ; alluvial fan; limb stone ;clay stone; Granite ; crack tuffs ; runs between pleats ; loss ; alluviums(alluvial fan , valley constructing alluviums; water resources at least 150 lit/day for each person individual not be into the direction of whirlwind ; seasonal wind and not to be located on the faults and earthquake areas.
They also should not locate at dry beds of the rivers, flood way and natural waterway passes .Do not places on water , electricity transfer way and bears authorized distance and have the lowest distance to urban , service and commercial area and be far from the industrial and workshop area ; do not placed at urban installations and equipment , public green areas , parks and lakes , spaces, roads network and transportation networks ; have the nearest accessibility ways to other urban area through public transfer .transportation networks at the region should bear the lowest distance with the said facilities . At residential place finding distances from highways, main streets and surrounding places of industrial and installation centers as well as those areas creating noise and air pollution should be observed .Meanwhile neighboring with companies , districts , residential area should be considered and the best service and urban facilities and places at least at 5 KM distance .
3- Suitable patterns for workshop and industrial application:
Placed at the slop lover than 9%; south and east and west geographical directions should be observed and constructed at the highs up to 1400m .industrial centers should not cover underground waters reservoirs and does not apply agricultural soils. Don't hazard the safely of natural areas of the region do not placed at the borders of parks, tourist areas and recreation clubs and secure monuments .Don't pollute recreation centers located on rural area and don't cause qualitative loss of such areas; be far from river, lakes and orchards, be at standard distances of residential and commercial centers so that the said centers will be in adequate distance for probable environmental damages that may cause; (Refer to environmental protection standards of the Comprehensive Plan in Iran) ;Green areas with mentioned suitable distances at the environment comprehensive protection plan should be considered at industrial areas.
4- Suitable pattern for recreational application:
Topography conditions at sightseeing and tourist area should be at least between the height 1200-1800m.Slope up to 15% is acceptable. For the area used by those tourists who want to spent their leisure time at indoor area ecological model of Iran for urban development plan has been used.
All geographical directions could be determined based on season. Climate and weather of the area has been assessed for Iran ecological model; Not to be in the neighboring of industrial workshops (Refer to environmental protection standards of the Comprehensive Plan in Iran); Not to cause any problems for installations and urban facilities and to be at least at 10km distance; The former sight seeing and tourist situations kept and empowered at concerned area; neighboring area of rivers and lakes was used; Suitable area such as parks, Attractive area and public green areas should be included 9%-25% slope with any soil and rock conditions at the view of recreational places is acceptable and for mountain climbing slopes higher than 25% is acceptable.
The simplified conceptual model for positioning of recreational development in district22 of Tehran
The simplified positioning conceptual model of residential development in district 22 of Tehran by considering geological conditions and air pollution
Summary and Conclusions:
District22 in the northwestern of Tehran with an area of about 10000 hectare is located at the West part of Tehran and is restricted by Alborz mountain chain in the North , Kan River in the East , Tehran-Karaj freeway in the South and short mountains of Karevansarasangi in the west. The foot heels of Alborz mountains chain, proper topographic situation, forest park of Chitgar , three major valley rivers which all are located in this part of metropolitan city of Tehran , provides a unique environmental sightseeing . The existing urban construction have occupied less than 15% of this area . Three major east to west highways and two highways from the north to the south and three major south to north highways together with Tehran - karaj subway has provided a proper network to connect this area to other parts of the capital. Based on drawings from GIS analysis there is no doubt that natural and ecological capacities of Tehran district22 of proper place for construction, recreation, tourism and cultural purposes.
The existence of the natural gardens and recreation centers and also considering the results from RS analysis shows that urban development plans in the field of trading , administrative and industrial operation have limited the capacities in that area . Attached maps in this paper the importance of environmental models for urban development. The maps of environment pollution control have been provided by using GIS and models and GIS which are presented in the model and this is in addition to determination of natural potentials of the district which its related maps have also presented. On the other hand, using advanced systems for identification, organizing and planning in development projects such as GIS systems seem to be of great importance at present and future . In this paper modeling for urban development and applying efficient systems of GIS for this purpose are jointly presented . Using models of determination of ecological capabilities and methods of determination for ecological and social capacities as well as environmental conditions of the city and applying standards at final in making urban development models while using GIS for assessment, planning and urban development management are of achievements of this paper .Also emphasize on identification of the background of the land and urban changes term through RS systems is recommended as the most suitable method in urban studies and development plans .