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Application of GIS to describe historical urban development of Kharga city, Egypt
Result and discussion
Historical Land use development: Fig. (1) shows that -according to the registration of cadastre- the largest area of total land use is used for palm agriculture and agriculture field during Twentieth century however, these land uses had been developed only during the fourth and the seventh decades of the last century. This fact because at 1958 the first construction caravan had arrived to Kharga, then it has been changed into capital city of the new valley governorat. At that time the urban area of Kharga was limited in the old-Kharga site. Aen AL-Dar well was the main water resource for agriculture and drinking in addition to some wells were resource for agriculture such as Aan AL-Shakh, Aen AL-Gadida, Aen AL-Malek, Aen AL-Kalaa, AL-Berba, and AL-Khalefa well. This construction caravan developed the wells and doubled the agricultural land from 2 square Km to 4 square Km.. In addition increased the palm land from 3.8 square Km to 4.3 square Km. Since 1970 until now, the extension development of agriculture and palm Standstill and the Kharga oasis has began to change to city form. The curve also shows that the land use of public services has been developed more than other land uses, the reason also is the arriving of construction caravan. It is quite clear -in fig. (1)- that since 1910 to 2002 the area of houses land uses is nearly equalize the area of streets land uses. In addition the development of such houses or streets land uses is more homogenous than other land uses where the individual affecting factor here is the rate of increasing population. Fig. 1-A -is an enlargement of the lower right corner of fig. (1)- shows that emergency, educational, and management land uses had been growth as well as the others. As shown in fig. (2) each color degree in the legend of historical land use map indicates to one decade, each color in the legend of Kharga Land Use map shows one of land use. Since 1900 to 1920 the Kharga oasis was divided into two parts, (see 1) the first part is agricultural land beside the monuments at the northward of the city, the second part is residential land with agricultural land in the southward of the city. This fact explain that since 1900 to 1920 the people had continued farming the cultivated area –which was occupied since B.C. till beginning of nineteenth century- using the wells beside the monuments and started farming the land beside the residential site. It means that the people activity was only farming during this decade. Since 1921 to 1940 rresidential neighborhood -named now “Old Kharga”- had been built in between the two parts of city (See 2) using clay as an appropriate material for the hot climate. The houses are assimilated each other. This neighborhood is going failure now residents replace the houses by new limited-story building without any planning principles Since 1941 to 1960, with the first construction caravan, great changes had been occurred in land use areas. Agriculture land use had been extended to northward and southward of the city (see 3). The management buildings had built in between the two parts of city (See 4), In the same time the new residential site for caravan of construction had been selected near the management buildings (see 5). The old Kharga neighborhood had extended in all directions (see 6) 
Fig. (1): Development curve of land uses areas Since 1961 to 1980 Kharga pattern began to be urbanized area, it started to take the city form where the local government developed and create public services, heath, luxury, religious, etc. in addition to the residential sites had been grown on all direction of the city (see 7).  Since 1981 to 2002 the land had registered, as a government owns. Therefor the residential growth had limited on roles of the governorat and the residential society in different administration. In another words, the governorat builds the houses by the financing from housing bank, then the people dwell and pay the cost of buildings as installment monthly. This system has applied on AL-AMAL, AL-Zohur, and AL-Marwa sites (see 8). The second system, the governorat specifics an area for every residential society, then the society divides the area and specifics parcels for each member who pay the price of parcel as installment monthly. This system has applied in Engineer’s land, farmer’s land, AL-Slam’s Land, and AL-Mohafza’s land (see 9).
Fig. (2) Historical land use map (HLU) and Kharga land use (KLU) |
