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Sustianbility Analysis of Public Utilities by using Remote Sensing and GIS Techbiques: a case studyof Dehradun City Dr. G. S. Gill, Satpalda Ltd., 1006, Kanchenjunga, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi-1 E-mail: Gurpreet.gill@Satpalda.com Sadhana Jain Scientist, HUSAG, IIRS, DEHRADUN INTRODUCTION A nation’s strength depends not only on the quantity of population, but also on its quality. A perusal of the demographic and socio-economic structure of population reflects the quality. Urban activities and growth are constantly putting pressure on an already burdened environment and Public Utilities infrastructure. With the countries population having crossed the 1 billion mark, coupled with unplanned development and urbanization, causes enormous stress is on Natural Resources. As per the 1981 and 1991 census the Class I town of India increased from 218 to 298, while the total population of these towns increased from 95 million to 139 million. Out of the total population 139 million, an about 71 million population is concentrated in metropolitan cities. “Immigration to big cities has been a critical transition in the 20th century because of over development and industrialization causing high consumption of energy and population accordingly. Urban environment will be maintained very well with population density of 50 persons per hectare. While over 200 persons per capita will produce a concrete jungle? Population of city should be less than 0.5 million for comfortable environment, while over 10 million would be against humanity with a variety of population and inconvenience”. ----Dr. Murai’s Urbanization is a movement away from tradition to modernity, a shift from agrarian to industrial and market economy. The change is there because of the push and pulls factors existing in the different human settlements. The population in villages, town and cities around major cities are attracted by the employment opportunities and the facilities available in it. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology, which can be used to monitor sustainable public utilities infrastructure level at ward level in Dehradun municipal area. The methodology could answer the question “In which wards the public utility infrastructure is not sustainable and has to be given priority for action”. Broadly the study has been carried out to develop sustainable physical infrastructure indicators and to assess wardwise infrastructure level. However in case of physical infrastructure existing tube wells, proposed tube wells, overhead tanks, water treatment plant, sewer outfall and proposed sewer treatment plant, in transportation only road network is taken as railway network is very limited in the city, roads length wardwise were taken. The study will explore the mapping techniques of public utilities indicators using GIS. This will help in the analysis of spatial distribution, density of population in Dehradun City, Distribution pattern of Slum Population, Sustainable Physical Infrastructure of the Wards, Areas of Population pressure vis-à-vis land use pattern of the city; and also to propose probable areas for the location of certain services. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The first notion of sustainability arose when the rapid growth of human population began to outpace the production of food. The idea of a world overflowing with people, where both food and space would fall short of their requirements, began to emerge. The “The Limits of Growth” (Meadow’s et al.,) hypothesis stemmed from this viewpoint. The Stockholm Conference held in 1972 crystallized this thinking in “Only One Earth” the book written in preparation for the Conference. The concept of “Spaceship Earth” used by Boulding (1966) became commonplace. The phrase “Sustainable Development’ was first used in the World Conservation Strategy (IUCN, 1980) and later in the Brundtland report (WCED, 1987) and was elaborated in book Sustainable development of the Biosphere (Clark and Munn, 1986). Sustainable development is an approach to economic planning that attempts to foster economic growth while preserving the quality of the environment for future generations. United Nations Conference on Environment and Sustainable Development (UNCED), which was held from 3 to 14 June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, gave impetus to the concept of Sustainable Development. The achievements of the conference can be summarized as the global commitment to pursue “development that meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet them.” INDIAN CITIES INFRASTRUCTURE In most Indian cities, the municipal bodies have the primary responsibility to cater to the basic needs of the citizen by providing required essential services and infrastructure facilities. But in the last century, the cities throughout the developing world have seen an extraordinary increase in their population, which has placed a major strain on the delivery of the basic infrastructure services. A major concern of municipalities in developing countries is the limited access to urban services of larger parts of the city population. Equitable distribution is becoming the centre of concern in planning the infrastructure facilities. There is an urgent need to solve this problem of unbalanced distribution of physical infrastructure services. Keeping in view the above problem there is an urgent need of assessing the exact level of infrastructure services in different areas or wards, so as to rank them according to their facilities level and then take appropriate steps. As UNDP’s Human Development report of 1992 argues, “The purpose of development is to create an environment in which all people can expand their capabilities and opportunities, can be enlarged for both present and future generations”. There by necessitating the documentation of this unequal distribution of infrastructure facilities. The infrastructure facilities can basically be divided into two parts: a. Physical infrastructure: consisting of water supply, electric power supply, sewage, transportation, etc. b. Social infrastructure: consisting of Banks, post-office, schools, medical facilities, etc. In assessing the level of infrastructure services, there must be some ways of measuring, so that the infrastructure level can be expressed quantitatively. The Physical infrastructure indicators are used for this purpose. Indicators are models, which merge or simplify a complex subject or number of variables into a single number or numbers, which can be easily understood by decision makers. The indicators are user generated, so that differences in the values of indicator are more important than their absolute values. UNCHS in their indicators program, “Monitoring the city, volume-2, and 1995” defined indicators as follows: “The indicator is a tool for monitoring and reviewing the condition of cities providing benchmark for the development of urban conditions and urban policy over space and time. A good indicator should be simple, reliable, sensitive to change, and should be expressed quantitatively.” Indicators are often valuable not as an absolute measure of a particular phenomena, but rather in a context of change over time, distribution over space or distribution over social groups. The indicators of Physical infrastructure facilities used in this study depend on the data available and are discussed later in the article. OVERVIEW OF DEHRADUN CITY Physical Background: The city of Dehradun is situated in the south central part of Dehradun district. The study area is bounded by 30°15' N TO 30°25' N latitude and77°55' E 78°10' E longitudes. The area under the administrative control of the Dehradun municipal board is 38.04 sq. km. The Dehradun municipal board was divided into 34 wards according to the 1991 Census. But in 1995, during the preparation of voters list for Municipal election the wards were revised and reduced to 33 in number. Again when the Uttaranchal came into existence on 9th November, 2000 the wards were revised and increased to 60 wards. Recently the wards numbers are again revised and reduced to 45 wards in number. Two intermittent streams viz. Rispana River and Bindal River, on the east and west respectively marks the physical limits of Dehradun municipality. The area under the administrative control of Dehradun Municipal board is 2871.1 Ha. with a population of 3,53,017 (2001, census).The city is located at an altitude of 640 m above MSL. The lowest altitude is 600 m in the southern part and the highest altitude is 1000 m in the northern part. The average annual rainfall of city is 2183.5 mm. The average temperature varies between maximum of 42°C and minimum of 5°C. The site where the city is located slopes gently from north to south and southwest and is heavily dissected by a number of seasonal streams and nallas. The drainage of the city is borne by the rivers Bindal and Rispana. Demographic Aspects: As a part of the past heritage, concentration of national and regional level institutions, and economic activities, availability of infrastructure, and the emergence of Dehradun as the state capital on November 2000, would further invite the influx of population from the rest of the valley as well as from outside. Impact of Population Growth on Dehradun City: Growth of human numbers and human activity in Dehradun city has resulted in large-scale ecological degradation. Improper use of surrounding forest resources and environmental pollution due to air, water, and land pollution within the city itself are posing serious constraints leading to unsustainable development. All these are resulting in a fast transformation of Dehradun, which is known as the, “green lung” to “black lung”. DETAILS OF DATA  Other Data Used: Data on Socio-Economic parameters: had been collected from village and town directory of Dehradun, 2001, Census of India; Municipal Corporation of Dehradun, and voluntary organizations in Dehradun. METHODOLOGY AND SOFTWARE USED: In recent times the Remote Sensing and GIS tools are utilized as an important tool for applying demographic and related statistics for the analysis and planning of Sustainable development.1 The use of GIS in creating a tabular database and linking it with a geographic, database and converting the data into spatial form which maps can be generated, proves the advantage and usefulness of GIS in this kind of studies.2 The steps that have been incorporated are:
DEVELOPMENT OF INDICATORS Since there is no perfect way to represent the conditions of each ward; the ward status can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by one or more indicators that present a proxy picture of these conditions. There may be cases where a single indicator will not conveniently represent its ward. In such cases it is appropriate to calculate a compound indicator. The resulting single value will represent better infrastructure level in a ward as compared to the individual indicators. For each facility the proposed indicators are the: a. Number of facility/Total population of the ward b. Number of facility/Total area of the ward The indicators that were developed for each facility are: TWI1 = (Number of Tube wells in each ward/Total population of the ward)*10000 TWI2 = (Number of Tube wells in each ward/Total area of the ward)*1000 OTI1 = (Number of Overhead Tanks/Total population of the ward)*10000 OTI2 = (Number of Overhead Tanks/Total area of the ward)*1000 STI2 = (Number of Sewer Treatment Plant in each ward/Total area of the ward)*1000 RI1 = (Length of Roads in each ward/Total area of the ward) *1000 The above-mentioned indicators were also calculated for Dehradun Municipal area, as explained below: TWIa = (No. of Tube wells in Municipal area/Total population of Municipal Area)*10000 TWIb = (No. of Tube wells in Municipal area/Total Municipal Area)*1000 OTIa= (No. of Overhead Tanks in Municipal area/Total population of Municipal Area)*10000 OTIb = (No. of Overhead Tanks in Municipal area/Total Municipal Area)*1000 STIa = (No. of Sewer Treatment Plants and Sewer Outfall in Municipal area/Total Municipal Area)*1000 RIa = (Length of Roads in Municipal area/Total Municipal Area) *1000 Based on the above indicators, indices were calculated for each facility ward wise. The method used for calculation of indices was: II1 = (TWI1/TWIa)*100 II2 = (TWI2 / TWIb)*100 II3 = (OTI1 / OTIa)*100 II4 = (OTI2 / OTIb)*100 II5 = (STI1 / STIa)*100 II6 = (RI1 / RIa)*100     These indices were added together and divided by 5 to obtain a final index or indicator for each ward that reflected the condition of social infrastructure in that ward. All wards having an index of 100 were considered as having moderate social infrastructure, those having a index of more than 100 were classified as having social infrastructure and wards having a index of less than 100 were classified as having bad social infrastructure. These indices were added together and divided by 5 to obtain a final index or indicator for each ward that reflected the condition of social infrastructure in that ward. All wards having an index of 100 were considered as having moderate social infrastructure, those having a index of more than 100 were classified as having good social infrastructure and wards having a index of less than 100 were classified as having bad social infrastructure (fig.4). DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION The areas lying in the center of the city near the CBD have got a moderate, good to very good level of public utilities infrastructure. Dehradun city has mainly developed in a radial pattern. The areas that have developed along the roads have a low to moderate public utilities infrastructure. he wards that have developed in south-east, south-west and northwest along Rispana and Bindal rivers have got a very bad level of physical infrastructure as slums have grown in these wards. Creating physical infrastructure indicators and linking it with a geographic database and converting the data into spatial form from which maps can be generated indicate the importance of GIS techniques. REFERENCES
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