Abstract
The use of satellite images with maps acquired from various government bodies and census publications have been the main ingredients for the outcome of this small pilot study. The utility of both traditional and modern tools of geography and its allied disciplines has been brought out to show how these tools can be used for urban growth mapping using various multitemporal data and its combination with quantitative details to bring out the urban temporal behaviour.

The causes of the urban predominated growth pattern in the bangalore-Mysore corridor have been highlighted through this paper. Emphasising qualitatively the reasons behind such growth.

Introduction
Throughout human history, cities have played an important role in transforming the society. They have been the scene and setting of major social, economic, and political change. The sample survey of 2001 states that the approximate urban population of our subcontinent covers 33.3% of its total geographical area. If one observes the urban fringe area it is possible to see Landuse and Landcover change. More and more rural area is getting engulfed in to the outstretched arms of urban fringe. This is causing a drastic land transformation, which is a dominant phenomenon in India. The class-1 cities are expanding rampantly crossing all borders, which is giving rise to many types of extremities in the common man’s life. Due to this if there is good communication network then; there are problems of air and water pollution and rising cost of living. The theme being dealt here is to find out the causes and consequences of the urban growth between the two cities and the changes in the surrounding environment. Also to suggest methods to solve some of the problems caused by the urban growth using ancillary data.

Study Area Details
The study region lies between the city of Bangalore and Mysore the highway road leading from Bangalore to Mysore is taken in to consideration. 10 kilometers buffer on either side of the road has been taken for this purpose; the buffer includes parts of the Bangalore urban, Bangalore rural, Mandya and Mysore districts. The reason this particular region has been selected is that the availability of digital data and due to the rapid urbanization which is taking place in this region. The study area is covering an area of 4584.15square kilometer area. Located in southern Karnataka. The coordinates between which the study region lies are given below.

Direction	Longitude	Latitude
Upper Left	76d 33’41.41”E	13d 00’00.63”N
Lower Right	77d 39’03.75”E	12d 15’08.17”N

The extraction of the buffer area is based on the highway road running between the two of the major cities of the state Bangalore and Mysore. Two paths of road have been selected to know the density of the traffic flow and its repercussion on the adjacent social environment. The urban database has been created for the 13 major towns and cities falling within the buffer region.

Objectives

1. Creating a Geoinformatics database on major human resources and also parameters based on census report with special reference to important towns and cities of the study area.
2. To study the Landuse changes of the major towns using remote sensing data.
3. The role of demographic data and infrastructure development in urban growth of the important towns.
4. Bangalore city’s growth implications and its effects on the urban corridor.

Data Used
The spatial data used for the project are that of topographical maps published by the Survey of India. The region was surveyed in the year 1970-71 and printed in 1973.The scale of the topographical maps are 1:50,000. Ten toposheets cover the study area. The Non-Spatial data has been used to fix parameters for the Megalopolis and observe the various changes occurring in all the three working sectors primary, secondary and tertiary and try to evaluate the causes for such change. The secondary data used for this purpose are as follows:

1. Census Report Publication by Government of India, the data is Decennial from the year 1971 to 2001
2. Karnataka state Gazetteer published by Government of Karnataka for the year 1971 and 1981
3. Talukwise report published by the bureau of Economics, Government of India

These data and statistics have been amicably used to bring out the variation which has come in to this region with the help of modern day satellite data and old thematic and survey maps to observe the sprawl of Bangalore city.

MAPS	SOURCE
BEGUINING OF BANGALORE CITY	PUBLISHED BY GANGARAM BOOK STORE
BANGALORE LANDUSE 1985	SURVEY OF INDIA, CALCUTTA, 1985
TOPOSHEET 57 G AND H OF 1972	SURVEY OF INDIA, 1972
LANDSAT MSS IMAGE OF 1980	DEPT. OF SPACE
LANDSAT TM IMAGE OF 1986	DEPT. OF SPACE
LISS I I MAGE OF 1991	DEPT. OF SPACE
LISS III IMAGE OF 2002	DEPT. OF SPACE

Software used
ARC/INFO & ARC/MAP (8.3 Version) AND Geomatica (8.2 Version)

Methodology
It has been demonstrated in India and many other countries that remotely sensed data can be used to for mapping and monitoring the changes on the land surface over a period of time. The detection of abrupt changes is possible using satellite images in many cases where the changes produce an extreme visual contrast between the old and the new. The use of both image processing and geographic information techniques has been applied to the different maps and images for understanding the sprawl. The methodology can be divided in to the following steps:

1. Firstly the thematic maps collected from various different sources were scanned with scanners and converted in to tiff files.
2. Secondly, using the image processing software EASI/PACE the maps were geocoded using ground control points with the RMS error at the acceptable level.
3. Thirdly, the digital data was loaded from CD’s and geocoded with the help of the previously geocoded maps.
4. Fourthly, the geocoded maps were enhanced spectrally for better visual and digital appreciation.
5. The enhanced geocoded images were extracted with respect to the Bangalore urban district boundary as available in the toposheets.
6. Then, visual interpretation was carried out on these maps and images and the boundary of the city’s outer boundary was extracted from each map in a GIS environment.
7. Finally, the entire vector layers extracted from each map was placed one over the other to know the increase in the city area as to how much the city has sprawled since its inception.
8. The Bangalore-Mysore corridor region was classified using supervised classification technique and with its help the growth over 26 years in the entire region in the urban was understood.

Results

Geoinformatics Database
The data related to population, literacy, civic amenities like, water supply, road length, electrification, cultural details like the contribution of schedule caste and schedule tribe to total population, details on literacy, personal details of telephone calls, general population details, sex ratio etc., were used to create a urban information system for the major towns and cities of the study area to notice and appreciate the change in these parameters on a decadal basis from the year 1971 to 2001. The decadal trend in which the growth of these various information’s have been attached to the spatial data.

Landuse Changes
It is a noticeable fact that the living conditions are expensive, which include the bare essentials like food and shelter even then people motivated by the thought of better education, good jobs, speculative thought are moving in to overcrowded cities like Bangalore, Mandya and Mysore. This has given a feature to the planning community known as sprawl or spread of the urban area in to the rural area. The transformation of the fringe area in to predominantly urban mostly along the roads is noticeable change. This has lead to the development of high-class residential areas like Indiranagar, in Bangalore City. The development of exclusively industrial town like Bidadi is also noticed.

The urban area has not just expanded it has expanded at the cost of other land uses. The Table below shows the amount of area from other land uses, which has been incorporated in to the sprawling urban region. The 13 major towns of the study area have engulfed about 196.19 square kilometer of agricultural area.

Increase In Urban Area	Sq. Kms
Total Urban Area In 1973	164.72
Water Bodies	10.33
Vegetation	6.18
Wasteland	1.89
Agricultural Area	196.19
Total Urban Area In 1999	379.33

The steady growth in various factories based on Motor vehicles, Information technology, Computers, specialized services of quaternary and quinnenery nature have risen to a great extent providing exclusive and highly specialized nature of services. Leading to special type of employment recruitment and also socio- cultural services to patronize such people which include high profile clubs, bar and restaurant, discotheques, restaurants specializing in foreign delicacies, special dress boutiques, makeup shops, sports complexes, malls, massage parlors etc.

Demographic and Infrastuctural Changes Through the Decades
There has been a high rate of increase in the number of medical services, the banks, transportation services, electrification, and government water supply, the basic structure of workers i.e. in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. In 1991 of the total male working population 53.72% were engaged in Tertiary activity and of the total female working population 57.93% were in tertiary sector. Literacy is considered the mark of prosperity and development. In the study area there has been steady increase in literacy, currently it is 75.61%. There has been steady change in the working population in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors respectively which have shifted towards non agricultural activities over the years. The change in the whole population in the major towns and cities along with the growth in literacy rate are listed in the appendix.

Conclusions

1. The Geoinformatics database, which has been created using various details from census reports from 1971 to 2001 for the major towns and cities, are found useful to do mainline analysis and predict the growth of the settlement in the future. A GIS data modeling by predicting the future trend by knowing the past and present can be done successfully.
2. Demographically there is high growth of population and high rate of migration from surrounding regions and from other parts of country and abroad to Bangalore. The sprawl of the urban area is basically on to the rural fringe area engulfing large amount of agricultural land. The workers participation ratio has shifted from primary activity to secondary and tertiary activity which has caused increase in their economic standard along with their residence and other establishments which has led to apartments rather than solitaire houses. Space management and vertical population growth is a noticeable phenomenon.
3. The settlements are enlarging in size and shape taking a near circular shape. The cities of Mysore and Bangalore are taking a near circular shape. They have started to engulf the nearby settlements, Bangalore has engulfed Kengeri Township.
4. The spatial spread of the Bangalore City has been calculated from the processing of multitemporal data. The first growth spur can be traced from 1911 to 1977 which, was after a period of 66 years. The second growth spur is between 1991 to 2002 where, the total urban area has more than doubled. This clearly indicates the role which all the IT, Computer, Fashion, Dress making, Educational institutions have played.

YEAR	TOTAL URBAN SPRAWL AREA IN SQ KMS
1537	10.38
1895	35.80
1911	60.11
1972	132.57
1980	185.59
1986	218.27
1991	246.96
2002	508.03

The city of Bangalore since its birth in 1537 to now in the 21^st century has grown in to the capital of scientific and technological excellence of India. The contributors for the sprawl of the city are shown as follows:

• 1955 Government of India undertakings in hi-tech areas viz. aircraft, telephones, machine, tools, electronics established in Bangalore.
• 1970 - High-technology industries, institutions of higher learning and favorable climate help Bangalore become the science and technology capital of India.
• 1980-94 Bangalore becomes the preferred location for computer hardware and software companies, making it the “Silicon Valley of India”.
• 1995 International Technology Park established.

With the technological empowerment and the cities mixed racial nature coupled with good infrastructure and planned residential area the city became the attraction for all the nearby towns and the city grew.

Acknowledgement
We would like to express our gratitude to Mr.Uday Raj, and Mr. Shastri at regional Remote Sensing Service Centre for their guidance and encouragement. We also extend our thanks to Dr. Daksha Barai and Dr. B. Eshwarappa for their advice as the subject expert.
Appendix
Table A – Decadal Growth of Banks in Major Towns & Cities

City	1971	1981	1991
Bangalore	182	474	509
Kengeri		1
Ramanagara	4	5	6
Channapatna	3	5	5
Kanakapura	3	5	7
Maddur	3	3	6
Malavalli	4	3	3
Mandya	8	19	15
Mysore	12	72	102
Bannur	3	3	3
Shrirangapatna	3	4	5
Pandavpura	2	3	4

Table B – Decadal Growth of Health Facility in Major Towns

City	1971	1981	1991
Bangalore	163	161	514
Kengeri		2
Ramanagara	7	7	4
Channapatna	10	10	2
Kanakapura	5	5	3
Maddur	1	1	2
Malavalli	7	7	3
Mandya	24	24	3
Mysore	127	127	35
Bannur	5	3	2
Shrirangapatna	2	2	3
Pandavpura	6	5	2

Table C – Decadal Growth in Number of Electrification in Major Towns & Cities

City	1971	1981	1991
Bangalore	216482	858183	869581
Kengeri		707
Ramanagara	10549	7874	8936
Channapatna	3720	5775	8609
Kanakapura	1632	4385	7427
Maddur	1230	2257	4685
Malavalli	1321	2427	6225
Mandya	7943	16361	38054
Mysore	45014	67912	131520
Bannur	2176	2325	3107
Shrirangapatna	1485	2490	21660
Pandavpura	995	1684	2961

Table D – Decadal Growth in Water Supply In Major Towns & Cities

City	1971	1981	1991
Bangalore	134000000	19800000	468330000
Kengeri		45500
Ramanagara	5455200	1575000	1683500
Channapatna	1974900	3185000	2325000
Kanakapura	1591086	796250	796250
Maddur	54600	273000	800000
Malavalli	794500	455000	1350000
Mandya	201000000	1592500	4612500
Mysore	50000000	16299140	25847837
Bannur	363677	227500	227500
Shrirangapatna	364000	10000	993064
Pandavpura	273000	154700	575000

Table E – Decadal Workers Participation Ratio Sector Wise (Year 1971)

City	TotalWorkers		Primary Sector		SecondarySector		TertiarySector		NonWorkers
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Bangalore	435415	52505	9060	1062	182147	16024	244361	35419	446889	718970
Kengeri
Ramanagara	8352	1269	3604	748	1470	201	3278	320	8048	13773
Channapatna	8340	1057	1152	150	2967	490	4221	417	8553	14638
Kanakapura	5238	1049	2720	297	2570	508	2255	244	5626	8384
Maddur	3371	634	1194	386	549	95	1628	153	2927	5105
Malavalli	4842	753	2161	510	701	42	2909	201	4973	8439
Mandya	18257	2256	3149	560	5244	479	9864	1217	19979	31640
Mysore	83058	10944	5998	486	25109	2956	51951	7502	103306	158377
Bannur	3325	417	2118	297	207	11	1000	109	2635	5266
Shrirangapatna	3667	662	1431	244	609	75	1629	343	3521	6250
Pandavpura	2640	195	1121	83	490	22	1029	90	2927	4894

(Year1981)

City	TotalWorkers		Primary Sector		SecondarySector		TertiarySector		NonWorkers
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Bangalore	680659	104946	7051	964	16250	5873	657358	98109	699492	1130036
Kengeri	5126	768	550	127	37	23	4539	618	4556	7693
Ramanagara	6925	1859	1092	616	1778	767	4055	476	6920	111000
Channapatna	12364	2444	1576	474	1054	348	9734	1622	13541	21885
Kanakapura	5131	2414	3541	2196	27	1463	1463	191	3691	6073
Maddur	4697	939	1271	397	220	213	3206	329	4328	7400
Malavalli	6087	721	2429	252	261	63	3397	406	6712	11375
Mandya	24473	341	4030	823	524	229	19919	2359	27897	34233
Mysore	103675	17660	3977	319	2652	1290	97046	16051	123552	194531
Bannur	7992	1547	1289	292	772	812	5931	443	9182	14341
Shrirangapatna	4448	855	1697	477	124	51	2627	327	4730	8078
Pandavpura	3616	629	1110	258	117	24	2389	347	3703	6091

(Year 1991)

City	TotalWorkers		Primary Sector		SecondarySector		TertiarySector		NonWorkers
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Bangalore	1141214	220899	27891	6105	505514	8149	607009	133303	1025417	1733453
Kengeri	2403	483	126	11	873	147	1404	325	2638	4129
Ramanagara	13423	3509	1285	230	6572	2583	5566	696	12770	20680
Channapatna	14032	3369	1857	564	5113	1942	7062	868	14218	23049
Kanakapura	10327	2378	1877	283	3501	1550	4949	950	9311	15525
Maddur	6163	1949	1903	849	1010	596	3250	328	5157	8807
Malavalli	7429	1510	2948	672	842	225	3639	613	7722	12710
Mandya	30603	6128	5711	1745	7589	1642	17303	2741	31838	51394
Mysore	164409	32184	10053	960	56509	11664	97847	19560	170779	282847
Bannur	5203	1276	2947	787	485	248	1729	241	3912	7143
Shrirangapatna	6076	2237	2406	1140	951	515	2719	582	5022	8266
Pandavpura	4468	1201	1661	679	866	168	1941	354	3713	6548

Table F – Decadal Growth in Literacy Rate in Major Towns & Cities

City	1971		1981		1991		2001
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Bangalore	538984	369209	977492	710091	1599296	1221027	2383481	1956883
Kengeri			6139	3818	4122	3383	17405	14300
Ramnagaram	7822	5233	4505	6925	14944	11446	27359	22325
Channapatna	8543	5793	14050	9726	18015	14443	23205	20053
Kanakapura	5679	3201	3490	1768	11818	8408	17785	13324
Maddur	3031	1880	5005	3536	7006	5610	9739	8297
Malavalli	4045	2132	6689	4288	9171	6696	12705	10213
Mandya	12534	18257	30224	20534	42031	31978	51605	43849
Mysore	117978	82987	155543	118302	240382	195081	317951	273783
Bannur	2083	1543	8480	4327	4710	3627	7410	6189
Shrirangapatna	3723	2326	5386	3724	7344	5579	8793	7240
Pandavpura	2492	1411	4017	2662	5008	3775	6633	5565

MAPS








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