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January 2002
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Afghanistan an opportunity to serve with humility
Prabhaker Mishra
Director, GIS Institute
E-mail : pmisra@gisdev.net
Post - Conflict Afghanistan will provide the greatest
opportunity for reconstruction and development in terms of
institutions building, human resource development and
governance. The approach towards these mega -multipurpose
objectives, however, has to be propelled solely
by the values of service with humility and should necessarily
be free from any political, religions and narrow commercial
considerations. In other words the service should be free
from any proverbial strings.
It is proposed here to share some contemporary thoughts on
major issues pertaining to our profession of Land Information
Technologies and practices at a mega level. This has been
done through a brief description of some possible (emerging)
scenarios. These are to be further supplemented, augmented
and converted to ‘Verbs’ (activities) by the interested
organisations and individuals who are motivated to provide
the needed service.
Scenario One
Planning and investigation using satellite imagery
The war against terrorism continues at a low key. The
Government of Afghanistan has been pledged a sum of a few
billion dollars from all over the world. The major donors
naturally, are those who are active members of the ‘Coalition
against Terror’. The practical problem of channelising the
funds begins now. How to convert this massive monetary
assistance into activities/projects? It is here that detailed
sectorwise planning and execution is to be undertaken.
Priorities of mega tasks is to be decided by the Afghan
Government A massive planning and investigative effort will
be in place.
We belong to the sector of land information technologies. In
fact, this sector is the first stage of any project e.g. housing,
road construction and other infrastructure oriented activities.
Pre-1996, Afghan Government development connected with
surveying and other allied activities are to be augumented
for manpower, equipment, space and ofcourse, technical
planning and programmes.
A lot of physical and spatial data gathered during the war by
the Coalition will prove to be of immediate and immense use
at the planning stage. Metadata available at the internet and
the archives has to be collated and brought at one place in
the open.
Study teams for pre-investment activities
Study teams (STs) will function after due consultation with
the Afghan officials and beneficiaries. The major areas of
interest from the point of view of the surveying and mapping
data needed for starting mega-projects for reconstruction
will be identified.
The towns will immediately need base maps for planning
housing projects, road construction, rebuilding of institutions/
offices e.g. hospitals, major network of communications, water
supply, power and other utilities, etc. The towns will need
information to plan and build.
Satellite imagery and its quick interpretation compared and
supported by the old maps/information will prove to be of
immense help. Many smaller but well equipped organisations
can play a major role at this stage. There are many success
stories of the applications of the satellite imagery in India
and elsewhere. This success can be replicated in Afghanistan.
Large Government Sector organisations like Survey of India,
National Remote Sensing Agency and NGOs have a role at
this stage.
Scenario Two
Country level spatial infrastructure
While the process of planning, investigation and evolution
of projects goes on, the need for field control of geodetic
accuracy by Global Positioning System (GPS) would have
been thought of.
This is specially applicable to urban areas and other areas of
priority e.g. roads, etc. It may not be possible to retrieve old
survey-control network in Afghanistan. The solution by GPS
therefore will be of immediate interest to those who plan for
new projects. GPS, thus, will be able to furnish the much
desired, indeed, vital, infrastructure for the first-order-control
network of highest order/geodetic stations at the desired
locations. The technology of Air Borne Laser Terrain Mapping
(ALTM) has proved to be quick and quite useful in generating
Digital Terrain Models (DTM) of areas in USA, Canada and
European countries. A consortium of companies will be
harnessed to do the task.
Scenario Three
Partner in execution of projects
Considering all possible geopolitical developments and
practical considerations, India fits the bill well in becoming a
Partner for Progress in Afghanistan. India has reasons to be
satisfied in remaining the ‘most acceptable’ nation in taking
up this initiative for serving Afghanistan through appropriate
applications of Land Information Technologies.
The execution of the projects can be taken up by a newly
formed Consortium of Indian companies who, in turn, will
provide the necessary frame work for providing the services
to Afghanistan. Some Indian companies have already shown
interest to become partners in Progress (Times of India, 30th
December 2001).
Scenario Four
Post-Conflict situation
A case has been made for the Indian organisations,
Governmemt, Pubic Sector and Private to provide immediate
service to our friends in Afghanistan specially pertaining to
the realm of Land Information Technologies. The partnership
with Afghanistan could be bilateral or through International
Agencies e.g. United Nations, European or Asian
Communities.
$100 million Afghan Assistance has already been announced
by the Government of India. What is needed now is the right
conduct, right technology and right attitude of service to
Afghanistan. Till 21st January 2002 4 billion dollers have
been pledged at the Tokyo meeting.
Human Resource Development
The service/project does not end with the project. As a matter
of reality the end of the project is the beginning of human
resource development phase. This is an opportunity to
educate, train, to equip and transfer the technology to the
relevant organisation. The training institutes there are several
of them in India will be too willing to train Afghan students
on priority.

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Bars and Buyouts |
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Pentagon buys all satellite war images
The Pentagon has spent millions of dollars to prevent
western media from seeing highly accurate civilian satellite
pictures of the effects of bombing in Afghanistan. The US
military does not need the pictures for its own purposes
because it already has six imaging satellites in orbit,
augmented by a seventh launched recently. Four of the
satellites, called Keyholes, take photographic images
estimated to be six to ten times better than the 1 metre
resolution available from IKONOS. Since images of the
bombed Afghan bases would not have shown the position
of US forces or compromised US military security, the ban
could have been challenged by news media as being a
breach of the First Amendment, which guarantees press
freedom.
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French Defence Ministry bars sales of satellite
pictures of Afghanistan
The French company SPOT Image, had stopped selling
pictures of Afghanistan under instructions from the
ministry of defence. There only customer for the pictures
of Afghanistan was the French Defence Ministry.
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Tora Bora DEM Features in New Yark Times |
Arguably the world’s best map of Tora Bora, the epicentre of the current U.S. and allied effort to find and destroy forces
loyal to Osama bin Laden, was published on the front page of New York Times. The map data was sourced and produced
by East View Cartographic, which gave the NYT the hands-down “visual scoop” on the Tora Bora story. The Tora Bora
graphic represents a 3-D digital terrain model has been published as a front-page graphic in the US premier newspaper of
record, The New York Times, according to William McNulty, who runs the Times’ GIS section. The Tora Bora map DEM
was produced by East View Cartographic for the New York Times; the final graphic also contained information provided by
NYT field reporters. EVC, based in Minneapolis, MN, has been the leader in supplying the mass media high-resolution of
GIS and other map and imagery data throughout the Afghanistan operation. Other major customers include the Washington
Post, Time magazine, Newsweek, the Los Angeles Times, and US News and World Report. According to Kent D. Lee,
President/CEO of East View Cartographic, “This map data was produced from a Russian-language 1:50,000-scale topographic
map and other sources, including Russian 2-metre imagery.” The topo map was originally produced by Soviet military
authorities during their war in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Even so, the meticulous detail and precision work of Soviet
cartographers makes this map, almost 20 years later, still the best such map of this area. In fact the best mapping of
Afghanistan is generally acknowledged to be that produced under Soviet rule.“ Even experts often do not realise what a
gold mine Russian/Soviet topographic maps and imagery represent,” said Lee. “But the stunning Tora Bora graphic
speaks for itself”.
Source: www.eastview.com
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Maps for Redevelopment |
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The National Geographic Society now provides up-to-date maps of Afghanistan
for all who are eager to follow development work in the area. The two-sided map
is titled “Land in Crisis.” One side is a political map, showing Afghan cities and
towns, rivers, mountains, passes and airports, as well as other details. The other
side shows a satellite image of Afghanistan and includes a timeline of the country’s
history from the first Anglo-Afghan war in 1838-1842 to the present conflict, as
well as mini-maps of Afghanistan’s ethnic groups, droughts and earthquakes,
Taliban and Northern Alliance strongholds, and refugee camps in the country.
In addition to the maps distributed with the magazine, more than 50,000 copies of
the map will be provided free to teachers around the United States. There is also
an online version of the map, which the magazine will update to reflect
developments in the region.
 Political Map of Afghanistan |
 Satalite image of Afghanisatn |
 Drought Map of Afghanistan |
Source : www.nationalgeographic.com
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Red in Afghanistan |
The Indian narcotics control officials
say that contrary to claims by the UN
and some western countries that the
Taliban ensured “zero cultivation” of
opium this year, it is business as usual
in Afghanistan as far as this drug trade
is concerned. In fact, analysis based
on processing commercially available
satellite imagery has shown that the
Taliban had done little to block
cultivation and the decline that
occurred in the Helmand province was
a consequence of a drought this
summer.
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