 Nitin Arora Deputy Commandant BSF HQrs, New Delhi Email: nitinarora0135@yahoo.co.in Prof. (Mrs.) Amarjeet Kaur CDMS, GGS Indraprastha University, Delhi Email: amarjeet@ipu.edu The city of New Delhi is home to around 14 million people. It will host the Commonwealth (CW) Games in 2010. To gear up for this mega event, the city is undergoing a major overhaul of its urban infrastructure along with the sporting facilities. Making security arrangements for an event of this magnitude is the biggest challenge before any nation and its security agencies. Only judicious deployment of manpower with extensive use of force multiplier techniques will yield optimum results. GIS is one such force multiplier. Authorities, though prepared, are not adequately equipped and trained to understand, meet and act effectively to the requirements of security. Despite everyone's concern for disasters, the response to it is kneejerk and uncoordinated at international, national and State level. Figure 1 compare the present DSS with GIS based DSS. The present DSS has various subsystems including data management, model management, knowledge management and dialogue management subsystems. GIS assisted DSS includes similar subsystems, which are spatially enabled. Thus a GIS assisted DSS will not only be able to manage these types of data, but also manage and integrated spatial data. Most decisions in the security involve consideration of geography - whether they concern combat command for advancing on the anti national elements (ANE's) or resource prioritisation in a natural disaster. Hence it is not surprising that having a GIS as an organisation-wide spatial information and application infrastructure is a critical factor in defence and internal security systems.  Challenges of conducting Commonwealth Games Today, ANEs are unpredictable and technically sound, giving a tough time to the security forces. Sporting events, especially international events, are soft targets of terrorism. Some of the probable threats envisaged during Commonwealth Games are from ideological terrorists who can do standoff and physical attacks: , explosive threats due to vehicle/person borne devices else incendiary devices and dirty bombs: theft and pilferage, fire accident, minor criminal activities, hostage crisis, stampede, cyber terrorism etc. Hurdles to be cross can be:
Components of Security "Security in general usage is synonymous with safety". The philosophy is cast in three finite components that are intrinsically related. These components are: Security technology, planning and design and security management. Security management contains standard procedures and other theoretical procedures. Planning and design relates to physical elements and overall planning. The most important of these (Figure-2) is security technology because it is practically not possible to cover everything physically. These are force multiplier technologies which help us in upgrading ourselves from the present.  Methodology to handle threats using geospatial technologies Here are some of the appropriate techniques to support decision-making in a few critical areas in the realm of security. The prevailing security system practiced are based on the old-fashioned system of grills, padlocks and guards. There is a requirement to make the system more efficient and reliable by using GIS, GPS, RS, modern electronic gadgets and techniques. The operation of software-controlled continuous monitoring through geospatial platform which gathers data on a real-time basis is needed. The following issues are to be resolved to have a foolproof security plan for the CW Games using GIS interconnected with other modern security gadgets -
  Every event or situation is associated with a physical location; understanding the intersection of these points can mean the difference in knowing if the situation is localised or is something much bigger. GIS technology provides the capability to understand how events relate to each other and their potential impact on infrastructure. The security and safety of citizens for the CW Games to be held in Delhi in 2010 has necessitated GIS to be integrated in an overall IT infrastructure plan. The typical first responder (law enforcement agencies, fire/rescue, or emergency medical services will be provided with incident data by verbal radio communication, through GIS enabled GPS or through a mobile data client interface to a portable laptop mounted on a vehicle. Ultimately, incident details and outcomes will be captured within a geospatial database in Geospatial Security Plan Control Room (GSPCR- Figure-4) for historical/ archival purposes. This GIS integration will broadly give answer (Figure-5) to various aspects including emergency management, crime analysis, mission planning, situation awareness, traffic management, access control and decision systems and task force management. GIS integration with security applications provides decision makers with spatial i.e. real time awareness of risks and exposures associated with an incident as well as the incident's scale and magnitude. To understand the real phenomenon in and around the game venues, satellite data/aerial photos of Delhi are required to be integrated into GSPCR on a 24x7 basis for analysing change detection and further dissemination to law enforcement agencies and other agencies involved in the CW Games for quick and effective response. GIS can help security personnel plan for different scenarios and types of events and create the action plans needed to deploy personnel, vehicles, heavy equipment, fencing and other important materials or resources. GIS can also help manage data in real time, allowing security personnel to make important decisions. Wireless technology allows for dynamic data exchange between field personnel and the geo-database. GIS integrates data on the fly, allowing security personnel to visualise and analyse events as they unfold. However, GIS enhances each phase of emergency planning with integrated views of data.  Security activities can be grouped into five traditional milestones i.e., risk assessment and planning, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery that are related by time and function to all types of emergencies or disaster management.   These milestones are inter-related and involve different types of skills. In addition, in a dynamic and ever-changing world, there may be activities that are non-traditional and not easily pigeonholed in traditional phases. GIS facilitates all requirements of planning by allowing decision makers to view appropriate combinations of spatial and non spatial data. Integrated Geospatial Security essentially begins with personnel responding to an event, arriving on the scene as well as in the dispatch centre. An amalgamating technology like Enterprise GIS (Figure6 and 7) in the centre stage gives real time information integrated with the factual past records of the incidents while predicting possible future incidents and threats. Technologies like C4ISTAR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers & Intelligence - Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance) will be at centre stage in this plan to act on. Integrating SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) with GIS is another option. However, the use of predictive models in terrorism research using artificial intelligence and other analytical modelling techniques is still in a nascent stage. Conclusion GIS can integrate with other technologies to monitor key assets and prevent/respond to threats/intrusions into sensitive areas. Before the event, GIS enables decision makers at all levels to understand where and when a crisis can potentially strike and what the consequences may be should protective measures fail. Technology convergence and information fusion are very realisable and can be a powerful factor in the protection of the world. In the event of any anti-national attack, this integrated geospatial security will provide a coordinated, comprehensive response and counter attack with swift and effective recovery efforts. |