Development of a Decision Support System For Coalines Risk (Fire) Assesment And Rehebilitation Techniques Komal agarwal MS Geoinformatics Symbiosis Institute Of Geoinformatics Komal_agarwal_gudia@yahoo.co.in  Phani Kishore Attili MS Geoinformatics Symbiosis Institute Of Geoinformatics phaniattili@yahoo.co.in  Abhishek Verma MS Geoinformatics Symbiosis Institute Of Geoinformatics Abhishek_ve@yahoomail.com  Gaurav chitransh grigo MS Geoinformatics Symbiosis Institute Of Geoinformatics Gaurav_chitransh@hotmail.com Abstract: A powerful GIS based coalmines risk assessment system was developed to assist users in managing coalmines risk for an urban area. The assessment consists of a spatial database and two main components. The first component is design to assess the coalmine fire hazard, designed by a predefined scenario coalmine for a chosen urban region and provide user with a set of ground failure maps. The second component is specialized on coalmines risk assessment, which resulting in a set of maps depicting level of damage and losses of various elements at risk with in a community (people and building). The system output, which are forecast of damage, and human impact that may result on future coal mine hazard. The system can be used to manage and side by side predict effective coal mine disaster reduction measure which includes EMERGENCY RESPONSE, EARLY WARNING SYSTEM and RECOVERY ACTION POLICY. The paper present a frame work of combining R.S data with coal mine fire area record (Using GIS) to generate more reliable safe land data. Although further studies are needed it clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of GIS in the generation of quantitative information on coal mine fire area studies. As illustration of the system some results of the Jharia(Jharkhand) coal mines case study are presented Introduction: A decision support system is developed in an interactive computer based system which helps decision makers to utilize data models to solve unstructured problems and make effective decision. Fires are reported from nearly all parts of the world where coal reserves are present. However, the occurrence of such fires is far more common in areas where the coal is/was actively mined. Naturally occurring coal, under favorable conditions, has a tendency to burn spontaneously, and to continue burning for years unless the conditions change or are controlled by human intervention. Sunlight falling on coal seams, oxygen from air and presence of some moisture may be sufficient to start the coal to burn spontaneously. And once the fire is caused it will continue to burn for hundred of years resulting in some major destruction in the flora and fauna of that particular region. In areas of active and abandoned mines, mining activities result in breaking/crushing of coal and spreading small fragments of coal, carbonaceous material and coal dust in the vicinity of the main coal seam. This porous coal rubble is much more prone to spontaneous combustion than a thick coal seamed would be. The coal dust catches fire, which then spreads to the neighboring coal seam. Though the coal dust may ignite by spontaneous combustion and the fire may so be classified as one occurring from natural causes, the problem is certainly initiated and aggravated by human influence. In this sense coal fires fall under man made hazards. Additionally, frictional energy from mining machines and negligent acts of mine workers can also trigger coal fires. Finally the reason for the start of the fire becomes a secondary issue. The most important thing is that once the coal seam catches fire the problem gets more and more difficult to tackle. The fire is widespread in much coal producing country like china, India, Indonesia and A Coal fires have occurred in nearly all parts of the world like India, the US, Indonesia, South Africa, Australia, China, Germany and many other countries. However, the nature and magnitude of the problem differs from country to country. In India, the fire in the Jharia coalfield has mainly been due to unscientific mining and extraction of coal in the past.the following map shows the major country involved in coal mining in red color and the country affected by coal fires are shown in the highlighted form.  Surface temp depends on several factors. They can be related to surface as well as the surrounding areas. In case of the subsurface coal fire, the surface temperature also depends on rock and soil type topography and local temperature, emmisisvity, crcck or fissures on the surface and depth of fire. Surface temperature are evaporation strong wind, for example evaporation from a wet surface cause a strong decrease in surface temperature amplitude as the water collects latent heat during the evaporation process. strong winds also have a great impact on surface temperature and the temperature amplitude. Most ground material is composed sediments and rocks and these materials are related to the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity. Together with these thermal properties, radiative property also plays a significant role in temperature response of the surface to the solar radiation, which is directly related to surface reflectivity and emissivity. Effect of coal fire on surrounding The pollution caused by these fires affects air, water, and land. Smoke, from these fires contains poisonous gases such as oxides and dioxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, which along with particulate matter are the causes of several lung and skin diseases. High levels of suspended particulate matter increase respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, while the gases contribute to global warming besides causing health hazards to the exposed population. Methane emission from coal mining depends on the mining methods, depth of coal mining, coal quality and entrapped gas content in the coal seams. These fires also pollute water by contaminating it and increasing its acidity, which is due to a certain percentage of sulphur that is present in coal. These fires lead to degradation of land and do not allow any vegetation to grow in the area. Study Area India has a long history of commercial coal mining covering nearly 220 years starting from 1774 by M/s Sumner and Heatly of East India Company in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of river Damodar. Jharia coal field is the largest coal producer in India Consisting of 23 large underground and nine large open cast mines. The mining activities in these coalfields started in 1894 and had really intensified in 1925. The history of coalmine fire in Jharia coalfield can be traced back to 1916 when the first fire was detected. At present, more than 70 mine fires are reported from this region. The Jharia coalfield which is the only coking coal source of India is located in the district of Dhanbad (Bihar) about 60 km NW of Calcutta the latitude and longitude of the place are 23043’N(MIN) 23051’N(MAX) ,8609’E(MIN) 86027’E(MAX). The southern edge of this coalfield is marked by perennial river Damodar. Coal mine in this region was started as early as in 1890 providing a long span of hundred years of exploitation. There are 28-major coal seams, 19-in Barakar formations. Fires in Jharia coalfield have been originated basically from spontaneous combustion occurring either underground or along the outcrops, and are restricted in Barakar formations with shallow depth of less than 40m. Mainly top seams, which are thick and therefore more prone to spontaneous heating fires, have also been caused due to burning of bantulsi, dumping of ash in goofed out areas, illicit distillation in abandoned working areas . There are about 20 fires spots covering an area of 17.35 sq.km. And this coal mine fires is causing colossal loss of the country's valuable cooking coal reserved and in addition passing serious. Jharia coalfield, which is a famous coalfield of Dhanbad, is about 40m in length in widths in exposed portion and in width in exposed portion and in width in exposed portion and stretches from west to east in the shape of sickle. The landscape of the area is characterized by undulating rocky and gritty surface with thin veneer of insitu-soil supporting thin and sporadic vegetation. Seasonal crop is grown over valley filled alluvium/colluviums soil. Mining quarries, mine waste dump, subsidence of land surface, settlement for mining activities etc. are very common in the region. Lower Gondwana sedimentary rocks surrounded by Achaean metamorphic and granites rocks constitute the general geology of the area. Conventional methods for locating fires are not so effective due to involvement of time consuming processes and the phenomenon being the dynamic one but the modern technique of remote sensing which provides image with synoptic view of whole project area in real time and in multispectral modes including thermal infrared region has been proved to be successful in such study. Particularly with the advancement of sensor technology like optomechanical scanner system, it is possible to map thermal variation of low order over earth's surface. The interpretation of these data can range from direct visual examination of photographic recording of the measured signal based on photo-interpretation technique to sophisticated digital processing using modeling analysis and pattern recognition techniques The following map depicts the direction of coal fire in jharia coalfield  Landsat image of the region was collected which shows the condition of the area; the flow of fire in the region is detected. The measures for controlling coal mine fires, in the case of Jharia coalfields, include bull dozing, leveling and covering with soil to prevent the entry of oxygen and to stabilize the land for vegetation. Fire fighting in this area requires relocation of a large population, which poses to be a bigger problem than the actual fire fighting operations. In order to manage this area the following methodology can be used.  Once the data is developed we can begin to ask questions related to our project such as ;
The proposed methodology will give the following output
SOFT TOOLS: Arcveiw, Erdas OTHER TOOLS: Satellite images ,digitized map Conclusion Coal is one of the most important sources of energy, and area under coalmining is of vital importance.  References:
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