GIS Based Monitoring System For Uuban Water Supply System Dr. Kusum Lata Research Fellow National Institute of Urban Affairs India Habitat Centre New Delhi The world is becoming more and more urban with passage of each century. India is no exception to this phenomenon. Large cities growth is a striking feature of India’s urbanisation. Apart from being considered as the engines of growth, large cities are generating a number of serious environmental, organizational and social problems at local and regional levels. Growth of urban areas has been so rapid and uncontrolled that urban planning and investment in infrastructure has proved to be insufficient. The lopsided planning of urban development needs to be reoriented with a regular monitoring and review mechanism to ensure that the perspective urban development would have an immediate and visible impact on local economy, environment and quality of life of citizens. The increasing pace of urbanization all over the world and issues arising there of, point to the need of ‘Monitoring’ the Metros and Class I Cities. The review of literature and practices being followed (monitoring of individual projects and programme) reveal that no constructive result - oriented approach has been made for monitoring of urban development at city level. Physical Infrastructure ‘Water Supply System’ (safe drinking water and basic sanitation) the most important parameter, next to land, has emerged for the purposes of designing, developing and application of monitoring system. 1. INTRODUCTION The world is becoming more and more urban with passage of each century. India is no exception to this phenomenon and has experienced rapid urbanisation during the last five decades. The pattern of urbanisation in India, in terms of pace and spread has wide variations among the states in the country. The urban population of 109 million spread over 2590 urban centres in 1971 has increased to 286 million in over 5,161 urban centres in 2001. The level of urbanisation during the same period has increased continuously from 19.9 per cent in 1951 to 27.8 per cent in 2001. The growth in urban population is a positive feature of economic development particularly as the combined contribution of services and industry to gross domestic product is significantly higher than that of agriculture. The growth has been so rapid and uncontrolled that urban planning and investment in infrastructure has proved to be insufficient, for example the demand for water and sanitation services is growing faster than cities can supply. The inadequate access to potable water and sanitation facility is assuming serious proportions and a major threat to public health. Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines suggest that urban development planning should provide for long-term policy plan (Perspective Plan for 20-25 years), mid-term comprehensive plan (Development Plan for 5 years) integrated with budgetary provisions (Annual Plans) and divided into projects/ schemes for implementation, monitoring and review. The Development Plan needs to cover assessment of current issues and prospects, priorities and proposals for development of the urban centres including employment generation, economic base, transportation and land-use; infrastructure; housing; and matters like environment, conservation and ecology. It also need to contain implementation strategies, resource moblisation plan and provide efficient system of monitoring and review so that better quality of urban service can be provided to the citizens (ITPI, 1996). The paper discusses the importance of monitoring at city level and role of GIS and IT in the monitoring system integrated with planning and management of development of the city. 2. DEFINING MONITORING SYSTEM FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT Review of monitoring and monitoring system in practice at national, state and city level reveals that no constructive, result - oriented approach formulated for monitoring of urban development at city level. The Monitoring system should be an integrated system for the city rather than a fragmented system like monitoring of individual projects and programme leading to development of the city. The monitoring system needs to be developed by using modern tools and technology to manage the affairs online. The integrated approach in Monitoring System need to be linked with the decision-making and implementation also so that targets and benefits accrued are as per the objectives defined. Use of the Geographic Information System (GIS), Management Information System (MIS), IT, Expert System and Digital Technology are of extreme importance in the design of the Monitoring System and its application. The concept of the Monitoring System (MS) has been evolved from the fundamental reasoning : MS for what purpose? How to monitor? For whom monitoring is required? And Who will monitor? Monitoring System for urban development has been defined as ‘System of responses of city managers to the process, parameters and products of urban development observed through a set of filters’. The system has been conceived as an Intelligent Monitoring System enabled by Information Technology. Thus the functioning of entire city and its performance can be observed. The appropriate action may be undertaken by decision-making as a response to need for desired or visualized functioning and performance. 3. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Physical Infrastructure, namely, safe drinking water and sanitation is the most important parameter of urban development of a city. In 1999, World Health Organization, highlighted the importance of water supply and sanitation for healthy growth of an urban area. Year 2003 was declared by The United Nations as “The international Year of Freshwater”. While in India many efforts since Independence have been initiated towards ensuring at least minimal level of water supply in the urban centres. During 8th Five Year Plan, a centrally – sponsored Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP), was launched which by 10th Five Year Plan got modified into Modified Accelerated Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Programme. As reported in 2001 by the United Nations Population Fund, the global population has tripled in 70 years while water use has grown six-fold. Within the next 25 years, one-third of the world’s population will experience severe water scarcity. Right now, more than 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water and 3 billion people (one out of every two persons on Earth) lack access to basic sewage systems. For millions of people, fresh water scarcity is defined as much by poor quality as by insufficient quantity. Today, there is need for more detailed information that can be used to improve planning, especially to consider water flow rates, the location of demands and the quality and quantity of supplies. Inadequate budget becomes the main hurdle for smooth operation of urban water systems (Grigg, 1986). Instead of continuing supply side management, more attention is required for water resources management and water demand management. 4. GHAZIABAD CITY National Capital Region (NCR), a unique region, is the fastest growing region. It has the best economic base for growth of industries and new economy as well (software, Export Promotion Zone (EPZ) and Special Economic Zones (SEZ)). Within NCR, Ghaziabad is one of the fast developing Delhi metropolitan area city. Ghaziabad district, carved out of Meerut district in 1976, had Ghaziabad as class I city. During partition of India, it was a class III town. With onset of industralisation of the surrounding areas, it became class II town in 1961 and with growth rate of 82.10% in 1961-1971, it acquired the status of class I city in 1971. After Kanpur, Ghaziabad is the biggest industrial city in Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) state. The city has grown at very fast pace during the last three decades to emerge as a Metro and strengthen its economic base. The city has one of the best road and rail connections among cities in U.P. State (Map 1). The urban development of the city has been achieved through Master Plan 1981 and Master Plan 2001 from a population base of 70000 (1961) to 2.72 (1981) lakh and 9.68 lakh (2001), an emerging metro as per census (Map 2). River Hindon flows through the city dividing it into east of Hindon (Cis Hindon Area i.e. CHA) and west of Hindon (Trans Hindon Area i.e. THA). CHA constitutes 2/3rd in area and population while THA constitutes 1/3rd area and population. The proportion of the slum population to total population is one third.   The economy of the town has been bi-functional – industries-cum-services since 1971. The industrial development of the city is visible on both sides of Hindon River. Chemical and allied distillery (33%) dominates its industrial scene. It is also an important centre for trade and commerce in western U.P. sub-region. The workforce participation ratio and percentage workers in secondary sector are marginally declining but the size of work force in the city has maintained its increasing trend. 5. GHAZIABAD – WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Hydro-geologically, U.P. sub-region of NCR, comprising of Ghaziabad, Meerut and Bulandshahr districts, is a part of vast central Ganga plain, a monotonous stretch of a low relief plain. Ghaziabad district is very fertile and it lies in the doab of Ganga and Yamuna rivers. The district is bestowed with shallow and deep aquifers and the city has been exploiting the ground water source since last four decades. Apart from utilizing ground water for providing water through hand pumps in rural and unauthorized areas, ground water has been utilized for piped water supply since 1955, when piped water supply scheme was introduced. The water supply facility, in developments carried out by Nagar Palika and thereafter Ghaziabad Improvement Trust, was on colony basis. From 1977, onwards Ghaziabad Development Authority started developing the Master Plan sectors and with U.P.Jal Nigam services, water supply facility continued to be provided on sector basis without any water supply master plan. To prepare the status and pre-feasibility report of water supply in Ghaziabad city, U.P.Jal Nigam, in 1995, delineated the water supply zones for equitable, economical and efficient distribution of water. Ghaziabad city, under the jurisdiction of GNN and Development Authority has been divided into CHA having 23 Master Plan sectors which are reorganised into 19 water supply zones (WS Zns) and 10 Master Plan sectors of THA reorganized into 10 water supply zones. Residential areas of the Railways, Central Government and Police Department are considered in separate water supply zones having their own independent water supply system (Map 3). 
The concerned department of GNN monitors the pumping hours for extraction of water resource and monitors the quality of treated water at source and users end. This set-up of monitoring water supply system is fragmented and the monitored data is neither properly documented nor utilised for decision-making. Other agencies like State Pollution Control Board and Central Ground Water Board, monitoring the surface water and ground water, have proper documentation but this information is not utilised by GNN to assess the quality and quantity of water resource available. 7. DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF MONITORING SYSTEM FOR GHAZIABAD’S WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Monitoring System (MS) for water supply system shall constitute Population System, Land System, Water System, Finance System, Decision Making System and Decision Implementation System. These can further broken into smaller sub-systems which can be represented in the spread sheet. The sub-systems are described through the indicators and maps. The MS has been designed to assess functioning, performance, capacity, stress and responses. Sets of indicators have been tabulated for the water supply system of Ghaziabad City. The database generated and processed is structured in the City Monitor – Display Panels. The MS has been applied for management of water supply system with Water Resource Management, Demand Side Management, Supply Side Management. The GIS, MIS, DT are used as tools at appropriate stages to define input-processing-output for the Descriptive, Diagnostic and Predictive Monitoring System. The modelling of data (population, area and supply in mld) has been done on sample basis. Data modelling has been performed to establish the benchmarks and fluctuating line (maximum, minimum) of water supply rate (lpcd) for socio-economic groups at city level. This has been projected and used for establishing qualitative and quantitative aspects of water supply system. Application of descriptive and diagnostic monitoring system enables to identify specific issues of Ghaziabad’s water supply system :
Areas of interventions to shift from business as usual (trend based) scenario to systematic and logical intervention based scenario of water supply are :
City Monitoring Network(CMN) The CMN has been proposed to be established that comprises of City Monitoring Centre and City Monitoring Stations, The City monitoring stations shall cover all the subsystems of WSS. The City Monitoring Network proposed to be established in the City shall be representing the Monitoring System and status reported on the City Monitor Display Systems. A portal, websites for data access, display etc should be developed by the Nagar Nigam and allow sharing of the information by city managers, residents, and researchers etc. The right to information bill is effective in the public service. Participation of the city residents should be encouraged in responsive system of the city plan implementation process. Residents and other stakeholders should be made aware of the proper use of this very vital resource – water. Nagar Nigam should encourage such publicity by circulating CDs and online reporting on the water resources and urban development of Ghaziabad City. 9. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that the proposed monitoring system will :
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