Monitoring high-rise building deformation using Global Positioning System

Conclusion
The monitoring network is properly adjusted and analysed before the results are used in the deformation analysis. The SKI TM software has been used to process all GPS observation data. While, the analysis of deformation survey for the GPS observation has been carried out by using the GPSAD2000 software. The preliminarily presented results of the test surveys demonstrate that GPS survey has the potential to be used in monitoring of high-rise building. More research is required , however, to fully understand all sources of errors and their influence on GPS results for high precision deformation surveys because some anomalies in the GPS results still occur in geodetic measurements which cannot yet be fully explained.
Table 3: Residuals, Standard residuals and minimal detectable bias for 1st epoch

From	To	Residuals			Standard Residuals			Minimal Detectable Bias
		X (mm)	Y (mm)	Z (mm)	X	Y	Z	X	Y	Z
P 314	KT1	1.01	0.46	-1.08	0.63	0.45	1.06	0.08	0.06	0.06
	KT2	0.85	0.34	-1.42	0.71	0.30	1.24	0.11	0.07	0.07
	KT3	0.33	-0.39	-1.97	0.36	0.40	1.33	0.14	0.10	0.06
	KT4	0.73	0.67	0.13	0.41	0.35	0.06	0.09	0.05	0.04
	KT5	-1.96	1.39	-2.67	1.16	0.79	1.56	0.26	0.07	0.07
	KT6	2.79	1.01	-0.61	2.64	0.66	0.42	0.09	0.06	0.08
P 288	KT1	-4.71	-2.28	5.28	0.65	0.47	1.08	0.08	0.05	0.05
	KT2	-9.21	-2.65	7.37	0.89	0.40	1.11	0.11	0.07	0.07
	KT3	-5.64	-2.60	6.70	0.36	0.24	1.21	0.15	0.11	0.07
	KT4	1.15	-0.02	0.77	0.78	0.56	0.06	0.21	0.12	0.06
	KT5	-5.93	-3.97	8.42	0.24	0.64	1.36	0.24	0.07	0.07
	KT6	-23.09	2.45	0.05	2.53	0.40	0.01	0.10	0.07	0.07

Table 4: External reliability for 1st epoch

Point	X	Y	Z
KT1	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
KT2	0.0017	0.0010	0.0005
KT3	0.0022	0.0022	0.0017
KT4	0.0016	0.0022	0.0018
KT5	0.0056	0.0019	0.0011
KT6	0.0007	0.0023	0.0023

Table 5: Residuals, Standard residuals and minimal detectable bias for 2nd epoch

From	To	Residuals			Standard Residuals			Minimal Detectable Bias
		X (mm)	Y (mm)	Z (mm)	X	Y	Z	X	Y	Z
P 314	KT1	2.32	0.35	-0.88	1.48	0.22	0.56	0.07	0.07	0.07
	KT2	2.26	-0.16	-1.34	1.19	0.11	0.94	0.10	0.07	0.07
	KT3	2.30	-1.62	-2.87	1.80	0.99	1.87	0.11	0.06	0.07
	KT4	1.39	0.46	-3.71	1.35	0.33	1.76	0.11	0.09	0.06
	KT5	3.57	0.23	-3.66	0.73	0.07	0.81	0.18	0.11	0.12
	KT6	-1.10	-0.02	-3.48	0.54	0.01	1.08	0.18	0.09	0.07
P 288	KT1	-8.79	-1.36	3.37	1.49	0.23	0.57	0.07	0.07	0.07
	KT2	-11.43	0.55	6.44	1.26	0.08	0.99	0.10	0.07	0.07
	KT3	-12.74	-0.58	4.79	0.79	0.05	0.34	0.16	0.12	0.15
	KT4	-3.28	-3.18	6.95	0.14	0.19	0.89	0.24	0.18	0.10
	KT5	-1.79	-2.54	7.37	0.09	0.24	0.01	0.24	0.13	0.12
	KT6	0.13	-1.29	5.07	0.15	0.01	0.79	0.22	0.10	0.09

Table 6: External reliability for 2nd epoch

Point	X	Y	Z
KT1	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
KT2	0.0003	0.0002	0.0002
KT3	0.0065	0.0053	0.0059
KT4	0.0032	0.0048	0.0072
KT5	0.0107	0.0041	0.0027
KT6	0.0044	0.0042	0.0059

Table 7: Different of adjusted coordinate for both epoch
(Epoch 2-Epoch 1)

Station	DX (mm)	DY (mm)	DZ (mm)
KT1	16.7	1.3	-2.5
KT2	-28.3	-2.2	-3.2
KT3	32.0	-1.85	-11.4
KT4	13.7	-3.5	-39.4
KT5	57.7	-10.2	-10.6
KT6	-46.3	-8.8	-28.9

Figure 3: Residuals for both epochs



Figure 4: The standardised residuals for both epochs



Figure 5: The internal reliability for both epochs

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