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Interrelation between urban information system and Earthquake management
3.1 Legal Framework of Earthquake Management In Turkey
The studies about reducing the risks of natural hazards in Turkey go back to 1 509 I stanbul earthquake. After this earthquake, 40000 workers from different parts of the country came to the city for reconstruction work. The monetary aid was given to the damaged homes and the masonry building system was prohibited, wooden system came back. But after the fires, masonry houses were built again. Since the 1 940, Turkish Red Crescent has provided about all kinds of help, first aid, food and temporary sheltering. After major earthquake of 1 939, “Act about the Duties Before and After the Earthquake” was passed in 1 944. The determination of risk areas, the construction types and styles, preparedness of first aid and rescue programs, planning of temporary shelters and geological studies of new settlements were the main subjects of this Act. The Ministry of Construction and Settlement is responsible for all governmental affairs for disasters.
Natural Disaster Act was enacted in 1 959. “Act of Precautions and Helps against Disasters effecting Public Life” was the extension of the 1 944 Act. In 1 958, Construction and Settlement Ministry was built and legislated this act. This act was renewed in 1 968 and 1 985. The other related acts or regulations, decisions are listed below (Construction and Settlement Ministry Act Manual, 2000):
- “The Organization and Duties of Construction and Settlement Ministry” decree having force of law signed by the Council of Ministers in 1 983
- “The Earthquake Fund formed by the sales of Tekel items” the act signed in 1 959 and renewed in 1 983
- The Act about Extraordinary Situations, 1 983
- “The Services about the natural disasters causing the damage and destructions” Act, 1 995
- The by-law about “The Emergency Organization and Planning”, 1 988
- The by-law about “The Council and Bureaus of Extraordinary Situations”,1 984
- The by-law about “The Main Rules about Precautions of Diasters”,1 968
- The by-law about The Determination of the Holders of Rights in Disasters, 1 968
- The by-law about “The Discounts in the costs of new Constructions after a Disaster”, 1 972
- The by-law about “the Evaluations of the Buildings and Lands after a Disaster”, 1 985
- The by-law about “The Disaster Funds and Expenditure Styles”, 1 970
- The by-law about “New Constructions in Disaster Areas”,1 998
- Decree about “ the loans and new credits given to Farmers, Tradesman and other people effected by disasters”,1 999
- Decree about “The help given to the families whose member is dead, injured and the people who lost their home and office”, 1 999
- Decree about “Recovery of Disasters”, 1 999
- Construction Act, No:3 94
Most of the acts, governmental decisions and regulations were passed in 1 999 just after Marmara Earthquake. The principles of main Disaster Act and Organization are explained in the next part and its shortcoming are discussed after explaining Marmara Earthquake.
3.1.1.Disaster and Organization Act:
This act is legislated for any kind of natural hazards like earthquake, fire, flood, landslide, avalanche etc, put a framework about the precautions and helps.
- Construction and Settlement Ministry authorities are responsible for the nation and Governor of that region works under the Ministry.
- Construction and Settlement Ministry is responsible for the construction of the new buildings, their construction types, new infrastructure, cadastre, map and development plans, providing land, building, building material, bulldozers, vehicle, equipment, preparedness, mitigation, response, survey and monetary affairs, credits, loans, funds for these actions.
- The permission of new construction, renovation, repairing of a building is taken from the Ministry.
- Construction and Settlement Ministry-General Directorate of Disaster Affairs authorities carry out damage survey in the area and prepares reports about the buildings.
- Temporary shelters are constructed for the governmental affairs and also for the homeless people.
- The Ministry selects the site and people who have the rights to settle in temporary shelters.
- The master development plans of the damaged area is renewed by the Ministry.
- A committee formed by the Ministers examines the damaged settlements and can give a decision to move the settlement to a safer place.
- A fund is created by the Ministry. This fund involves the monetary help from NGOS, local and international organizations.
- After a disaster, Governor makes an organization program about the rescue, treatment, sheltering, burying, debris moving and providing food. This program is implemented by the emergency centers.
- Governor or sub-governor can call any male between 1 8 and 65 age for help.
- Governor or sub-governor can seize the buildings and private vehicles for transportation, rescue, food, cloth and shelter help.
- The military services are in charge in their response areas.
- The observatories give report to the authorities about the disaster.
- All kinds of telecommunication services like telephone, telegraph, wireless systems, railway stations and radio stations are used in emergency.
- If any member of the rescue team is injured, he/she will be taken immediately to the hospital and treated freely.
In By-law of Emergency Organization, the duties are described for an effective management. The centralized government gives power to Governor and Sub-governor. They build an emergency center for help and recovery. The emergency center involves Mayor, Gendarme Commander, directors of security, civil defense, National Education, Construction and Settlement, Health, Agriculture and the authorities from Red Crescent. These directors manage the service groups for recovery studies. The service groups are Rescue& Debris Mover, FirstAid and Medical, Damage Survey&Temporary Shelter, Transportation, Communication, Security, Utility, Buy&Rent&Distribute, Agricultural Affairs. These service groups work under the head of Governor. Governor give damage reports and takes directions from the national government authorities.
3.2.The Organizations and Other Participants in Earthquake Management
General Directorate of Red Crescent (Kizilay) in Turkey, which is a non-governmental organization, deals with the emergency needs like tents, blankets, food, water, cloth, heater etc. The officials make preparedness according to the need assessment studies and distribute them in the disaster area. They are interested in national and international humanitary help, these aids are stocked and given to the victims in case of emergency. Red Crescent collaborates with Red Cross and can provide the medical needs like blood, medicine and first aid materials.
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