GIS FOR PEND K , I STANBUL
4.1.Detailed Description Of The Study Area
4.1.1. Location Pendik is an administrative district of I stanbul, located in 4 o lattitude and Pendik is 1 5 minutes 5 seconds east from I stanbul. Kartal is located northwest of Pendik. Tuzla is the east and Marmara Sea is in the south of Pendik.  Figure 4.1 . Location map (stanbul Büyük ehir Belediyesi, http://ibb.gov.tr, visited on 20.02.2000) 4.1.2.Climate and Topography The climate is Mediterrannean. The weather is snowy at average of eight days annually. It can be max.40° C in summer and min.9° C in winter. The average humidity is about 70 %. The northeast and southwest winds are effective in Pendik. (Pendik Annual Report, 2000) The topography is generally rough, but plain along the coast. There are three hills which are about 1 00-250 m high. Ömerli River Basin is situated in the north of Pendik which is the most important water resource of I stanbul. 4.1.3.Geology Pendik, Kadiköy, Avcilar, Eminönü, Maltepe and Kartal are the administrative districts of I stanbul which are in the first degree earthquake risk zones. An important earthquake is predicted recently in I stanbul by the experts and the unbroken faults are located in Marmara Sea, near to Adalar region. This region is very close to Pendik, about 1 5 km and Pendik is one of the most risky districts according to these predictions (see Figure 4.2). If a geology map is examined, these types of ground and formatiions can be seen: alluvium, neogene sediments, Devonian-I stinye Formation, Devonian-Kaynarca Formation, Devonian-Sedefadasi Formation, Ordovician- Ba ibüyük Formation, Ordovician- Büyükada Formation, Ordovician- Gözda i Formation, Ordovician- Kayi da i Formation, Ordovician- Maltepe Formation, Ordovician- SüreyyaPa a Formation, Silurian- Aydinli Formation, Silurian- Gözda i Formation, Silurian- So anli Formation, Silurian- Yayalar Formation.  Figure 4.2. Earthquake map for I stanbul, (http://www.akut.org.tr, visited on 20.02.2000)  Figure 4.3. 1 7 August 1 999 Marmara Earthquake, http://www.tubitak.gov.tr, visited on 1 5..200 )
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